10. 20. Developments in the 21st century. Devolution, multiculturalism and (greening) economy in the UK

What was the impact of mass immigration after 1948 on British society?

It transformed British society, introducing multiculturalism, but also caused difficulties in social integration, prompting successive governments to rethink how to manage this change.

What key event in 2007 affected immigration from Eastern Europe to the UK?

most former communist states in Eastern Europe joined the EU, allowing their citizens to live and work in the UK, leading to an influx of workers, especially from Poland and the Baltic states.

What was the main concern about mass immigration in rural England?

The presence of large numbers of Eastern European workers, particularly in agriculture, led to concerns among local communities, which contributed to the high "Leave" vote in the 2016 Brexit referendum.

What was the government's approach to multiculturalism after 1970?

The UK promoted multicultural policies to manage its increasingly diverse population, but after 2000, the radicalization of elements within the Muslim community, coupled with Islamist attacks, complicated these efforts.

What was the Windrush scandal in 2018?

Over 80 legally settled Black British subjects, part of the "Windrush Generation," were wrongfully detained and deported, highlighting tensions in Britain’s evolving multicultural society.

What significant event took place in Scotland in 2014?

A referendum was held to decide whether Scotland should leave the UK. The "No" campaign won, but the question of Scottish independence remains significant in Scottish politics.

What role did the Scottish National Party (SNP) play in Scottish politics after 2007?

The SNP gained control of the Scottish Parliament in 2007 and achieved an even larger victory in 2011, pushing for Scottish independence and dominating the political scene in Scotland.

What was New Labour's approach to governance after 1997?

New Labour, led by Tony Blair, reformed British governance by embracing market economy policies, passing significant laws like the Human Rights Act, and creating devolved governments in Scotland and Wales.

How did the Iraq War affect Tony Blair's reputation?

Blair's decision to join the US in the Iraq War significantly damaged his credibility, contributing to his resignation in 2007 and sparking opposition both within Parliament and the public.

What economic crisis did Britain face in 2007-2008?

The global financial crisis led to the collapse of major British banks like Northern Rock, requiring taxpayer-funded bailouts and plunging the country into a deep recession.

What new political challenges did Britain face after the 2016 Brexit referendum?

Brexit created deep divisions in British society, raised questions about Britain's future economic direction, and put a strain on relationships with the EU and other global partners.

What role did the service sector play in the British economy by the 21st century?

The service sector accounted for about 80% of the workforce in Britain, with financial services, computing, and business services being major contributors to the economy.

What changes occurred in British manufacturing in the 20th century?

Traditional industries like mining and steel lost their dominance, while new industries such as aerospace, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals emerged as key sectors.

How has British agriculture evolved in recent years?

British agriculture is now intensive, mechanized, and efficient, but employs only 1-2% of the workforce. It produces a variety of crops and livestock, with government aid supporting its activities.

What is the current state of transportation in the UK?

The UK has a modern transportation system with a focus on road transport, railways (16,420 km of railway lines), public transport in cities, and extensive air and shipping networks.

How did the Brexit referendum affect political parties in the UK?

The Brexit debate caused significant turmoil within both the Labour and Conservative parties, with Labour losing many traditional voters to the Tories and divisions in the Conservative party pushing them further to the right.

What were some of the main challenges in UK foreign policy after 2010?

The UK's foreign policy was challenged by the rise of Russia, involvement in the Syrian crisis, and the impact of Brexit on trade relationships and international alliances.

How has Britain’s role in global trade changed in the 21st century?

As the 5th largest trading nation, the UK continues to engage in international trade with key partners like India, Russia, the USA, and EU member states, while facing questions about its post-Brexit future.

What is the significance of the UK’s energy and natural resources?

The UK relies on industrial minerals, coal, natural gas, nuclear electricity, and renewable energy sources. Its manufacturing industries are key to the economy, especially in chemicals, aerospace, and pharmaceuticals.

What was the impact of the 2008 financial crisis on the British economy?

The 2008 financial crisis led to a deep recession, the collapse of major banks, and the need for taxpayer-funded bailouts, leaving a long-lasting impact on Britain’s economy and social policies.

How did Britain’s involvement in the Syrian crisis (2015-2017) affect its foreign policy?

focused on using intelligence capabilities to combat Islamism and conducted limited military strikes in Syria, but its involvement was seen as cautious compared to earlier conflicts.

What was the "Windrush Generation" and why was it significant?

The Windrush Generation refers to Caribbean immigrants who arrived in the UK between 1948 and 1971. In 2018, the UK government was accused of wrongfully deporting some of them, which highlighted issues of racial discrimination and immigration policies.

What were the major social issues addressed by the government in the 21st century?

Major social issues included tackling discrimination against women, dealing with racial tensions and harassment, promoting LGBT+ rights (e.g., legalization of same-sex marriage in 2014), and addressing generational divides.

How did the rise of nationalism impact British politics in the 21st century?

particularly in Scotland, led to the 2014 referendum on Scottish independence, and the debate over Brexit further intensified national identity issues within the UK, leading to a rise in regional and national political movements.

What challenges does the UK face regarding its aging population?

The aging population puts significant strain on the NHS and the Welfare State, with increasing demands for healthcare and pension systems, as well as potential labor shortages in the future.

What has been the impact of technology and artificial intelligence on the British economy?

The rise of AI and automation has led to concerns about job losses, particularly in traditional industries, and raised questions about how the workforce will adapt to the new technological age, requiring significant investments in education and reskilling.

What is the state of British identity in the 21st century?

British identity has become more fluid and contested, especially in the wake of Brexit, with ongoing debates about multiculturalism, regional autonomy (like in Scotland and Northern Ireland), and the impact of immigration.

How has Brexit affected the UK's relationship with Europe and the rest of the world?

: Brexit has led to a redefinition of the UK’s place in Europe and the world, with questions about trade agreements, border security, and political alignments. It has raised concerns about the potential economic consequences and strained relations with some EU countries.

How did the UK government respond to the COVID-19 pandemic?

The UK government implemented lockdowns, social distancing measures, and an extensive vaccination campaign to control the spread of the virus. The pandemic had major effects on the economy, healthcare system, and social policies, leading to debates over government preparedness and response.

What is the "gig economy" and how has it impacted the UK labor market?

: The gig economy refers to the rise of short-term, flexible, and often precarious work, especially in sectors like transportation and delivery services. It has led to job insecurity for many workers and a shift away from traditional full-time employment.