HHD UNIT 4 AOS 2 - health and the SDGs

Organisation responsible for developing the SDGs

United Nations

What is the target year for the achievement of the SDGs?

2030

The SDGs direct action in 5 areas of importance. List these

-people

-planet

-partnership

-peace

-prosperity

reasons for SDGs/rationale

- a need for a new set of goals to guide global action when the millennium development goals expired in 2015

-progress that has been made in a wide range of areas was not shared equally and many people were being left behind.

-new global challenges has emerged (conflict, migration etc.) that needed to be addressed.

Three objectives of the SDGs

- end extreme poverty

- fight inequality and injustice

- address climate change

SDG 3

Good health and wellbeing

Why is SDG 3 important?

This SDG aims to improve physical and mental health and wellbeing in all countries by reducing morbidity and mortality due to common causes like:

maternal death (haemorrhage, sepsis, unsafe abortion)

infant death (preterm birth, birth asphyxia, infections)

communicable disease (AIDS, malaria, TB, neglected tropical disease, hepatitis)

non-communicable disease (cancer, CVD, diabetes, mental health conditions, road accidents, drug/alcohol use, pollution/contamination)

It also aims to ensure universal health coverage (healthcare, medicines, vaccines) and universal access to sexual and reproductive health-care services (e.g. family planning)

SDG 1

No poverty

Why is SDG 1 important?

without the necessary resources people are unable to access medical care and protect their children through vaccination ensuring equal rights and access to essential resources.

SDG 1 relationship to SDG 3

-to enable good health and wellbeing, poverty needs to be eradicated

-governments in low income countries tend to not put as much money towards public health and wellbeing (safe water/sanitation)

-need access to free health care and access to medication

SDG 2

Zero Hunger

Why is SDG 2 important?

-to end all forms of hunger and malnutrition, by ensuring all people, especially children, the poor, pregnant/lactating women, the elderly and those in vulnerable situations have access to safe, nutritious food all year round as millions of people globally still experience poverty.

SDG 2 relationship to SDG 3

-maternal and child health and wellbeing will be improved with access to nutritious food.

-reduces risk of contracting and dying from communicable diseases

-mother more likely to survive birth/ have healthier babies.

SDG 4

Quality education

Why is SDG 4 important?

to make sure girls and boys have equal access to high quality education at all levels.

SDG 4 relationship to SDG 3

-educated and skilled workforce = economic growth which can provide resources to invest in health care / social protection.

-health literacy = access to health services

- educating girls will result in a decrease in births due to health literacy which can stabilise the population

SDG 5

gender equality

Why is SDG 5 important?

to end discrimination and violence against women and girls and provide equal opportunities for males and females in all aspects of life

SDG 5 relationship to SDG 3

-providing women and girls with equal access to education, health care, decent work, and representation in political and economic decision making processes will empower women and contribute to sustainable economies.

SDG 6

clean water and sanitation

why is SDG 6 important?

to provide universal access to safe drinking water and sanitation for all people

-it aims to improve water quality by reducing contaminants as well as increase water-use efficiency to promote sustainability

SDG 6 relationship to SDG 3

-as millions of people globally lack access to clean, safe water and sanitation, this results in preventable illness (communicable disease) and high mortality rates, particularly among children and mothers.

-when there is clean water and sanitation there is good health and wellbeing

SDG 13

climate action

Why is SDG 13 important?

-to take urgent action to combat climate change

- climate change = increased: infectious diseases, allergies, asthma, CV and respiratory diseases, hunger, malnutrition

SDG 13 relationship to SDG 3

-Cleaner energy systems, promoting energy efficient public transport and alternatives, such as cycling or walking, rather than private vehicles, could reduce carbon emissions and air pollution, all of which would help reduce current morbidity and mortality rates due to communicable diseases and a range of non-communicable diseases.

The WHO

World Health Organization

WHO mission

to promote health, keep the world safe, serve the vulnerable

The 3 principles that underpin the work of the WHO

1. the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race, religion, political beliefs, economic or social condition

2. the health of all people is fundamental to the attainment of peace and security and is dependent on the fullest cooperation of individuals and states.

3. unequal development in different countries in the promotion of health and control of diseases, especially communicable disease, is a common danger.

WHO strategic priorities and goals

-Achieving universal health coverage (1 billion more people benefiting from universal health coverage)

-Addressing health emergencies (1 billion more people better protected from health emergencies)

-Promoting healthier populations (1 billion more people enjoying better health and wellbeing)

-Achieving universal health coverage (1 billion more people benefiting from universal health coverage)

-every country having a strong and resilient people-centred health system based on primary care, health promotion and disease prevention.

-therefore focused around providing access to essential health care services including vaccines and medicines at a cost that is affordable for all.

WHO aims to progress this goal by addressing the 7 mains areas:

1. service access & equality

2. health workforce

3. access to medicines, vaccines and health products

4. health information systems

5. governance and finance

6. advocacy

7. country support

-Addressing health emergencies (1 billion more people better protected from health emergencies)

-directly aligned to the SDG 3 implementation target of strengthening the capacity for early warning, risk reduction and management of health and wellbeing risks.

-Work that will achieve this goal means all countries will be better prepared for health emergencies by building resilient health systems

This priority has 2 components:

1. building capacity to keep the world safe from epidemics and health emergencies

2. all people have quick access to essential health services during health emergencies.

-Promoting healthier populations (1 billion more people enjoying better health and wellbeing)

-focuses on the achievement of the health and wellbeing targets in SDG 3.

-Aims to decrease maternal, child and newborn mortality rates, reduce diseases such as TB, HIV, malaria and neglected tropical diseases, and promote health and wellbeing across all lifespan stages.

It promotes healthier populations through the following platforms:

1. involving human capital

2. preventing non-communicable diseases and promoting mental health

3. eradicating high impact communicable diseases

4. tackling microbial resistance

5. addressing health effects of climate change in small island developing states.

Core functions of the WHO

-providing leadership on matters crucial to health, and engaging in partnerships where joint action is needed.

- shaping the research agenda and stimulating the generation translation and dissemination of valuable knowledge

-setting norms and standards and promoting and monitoring their implementation

-articulating ethical and evidence-based policy options

-providing technical support catalysing change, and building sustainable institutional capacity.

- monitoring the health situation and assessing health trends.

Aid

Assistance given to countries or communities in the event of a crisis or for the development of long-term sustainable improvements

Purpose of Australia's aid program

to promote Australia's national interests by contributing to sustainable economic growth and poverty reduction.

Why Australia gives aid

-wants to be a good international citizen and show that our nation is committed to helping countries reduce poverty. We have a moral obligation to help the poor and by helping our neighbouring countries we build strong, positive relationships.

-Australians value a fair go for all and so help people in need by contributing money, goods, personal time and knowledge

-Providing aid benefits our economy because recipient countries may buy our goods and services as part of bilateral aid arrangements; or recipient countries may become stable trade partners, now or in the future.

Types of Aid

- bilateral

- multilateral

- emergency/humanitarian

- non government organisation

Emergency/Humanitarian Aid

Rapid assistance given to people or countries in immediate distress to relieve suffering during and after human-made emergencies such as wars, and natural disasters such as floods, tsunamis or earthquakes.

Examples: provides personnel and material resources to assist in reducing the spread of disease and saving lives (food, shelter, health care etc.)

Bilateral Aid

The provision of aid from the government of one country to the government of another country. Involves collaboration between the donor country and recipient country to discuss main needs.

Examples: funding, donation of material resources, training and advice, expanding infrastructure

Multilateral Aid

Aid provided through an international organisation, such as the World Bank, United Nations or World Health Organisation. Combines donations from a number of countries and then distributes them to the recipients. This aid is for large scale projects.

Examples: emergency relief, funding for global issues such as disease control, global warning, large scale infrastructure projects

Non-Government Organisation (NGO) Aid

Non-profit organisations that work to promote health and wellbeing and human development - they operate separately from governments, however, still rely on some funding from the Australian government and funds from public donations.

Funding goes to Aus NGOs such as World Vision Australia and the Australian Red Cross, to deliver aid programs directly to people in need.

Priority areas of the Australian Government's aid program

- Building resilience: humanitarian assistance, disaster risk reduction and social protection

-Education and health

-Gender equality and empowering women and girls

-Effective governance: policies, institutions and functioning economies

- Agriculture, fisheries and water

-infrastructure, trade facilitation and international competitiveness

5 Aid partnership areas

Whole of government (while DFAT administers our international aid program it also works with other gov dept and agencies that are involved in providing assistance to other countries)

Private sector partnerships (DFAT partners with a range of companies with the private sector as means of achieving its aid and development objectives)

Bilateral partnerships (effectiveness of aus aid increased through bilateral partnerships with other countries where experience and resources can be combined)

Multilateral organisations (organisations inc UN, World Bank extend reach of Aus aid program as their large size enables them to undertake projects on a scale that would not be possible for donors such as Aus)

Non-government (NGOs) (DFAT partners with any NGOs to compliment its aid program)

DFAT

Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade

Australian aid (DFAT) partnerships

-partnerships with private sector

-bilateral partnerships

-partnerships with multilateral organisations

-partnerships with NGOs

NGO aid

Take different approaches to aid, which include specific projects or programs, emergency aid, volunteering, education and development. This type of aid focuses on communities.

NGOs are organised at...

local, state or international levels

Focuses of NGO aid

-focuses on community development

-is more focused and involves the community

-works in collaboration with governments and other aid agencies

type of aid NGOs provide

-funding for programs

-specific projects or programs in low-income countries

-emergency aid

-volunteering

-education and training

-health and development

-resources such as building materials and information technology hardware

World Vision

A non-government, christian organisation that aims to eliminate poverty and its causes. It works with all people to create change, regardless of their religion, ethnicity or gender.

How World Vision attempts to achieve its aims

-community development

-humanitarian and emergency relief

-tackling injustice through policy change, education and advocacy

World Visions' 7-11 strategy for Maternal and Child Health (how it is delivered)

- training and supporting community health workers, who provide education and support in the community about good nutrition, healthy behaviours and preventative healthcare measures.

-Training and equipping health staff, including midwives

-Intensive feeding programs for malnourished children

-Agricultural training on growing new and more diverse ranges of crops, and rearing livestock to improve food security and access to a wider range of nutrients.

questions to consider to help explain the role that NGOs play in promoting health and wellbeing and human development globally

- does the organisation have focus areas or priorities?

- how does it provide support for individuals and communities, and how does this work to help promote health and wellbeing?

-what is meant by human development and how is this promoted through the work they do?

questions to help explain and evaluate the role of an NGO

- What is the role of the NGO in the case study?

- what is the aim of the program?

- how is the program delivered?

- how effective is the program? what works/doesn't?

- how will the program promote health and wellbeing?

-how will the program promote human development?

Nuton Jibon Livelihood Improvement Program in Bangladesh

How do you know if a program is an effective form of aid?

-Ownership

-Partnerships

-Results focussed

-Transparency & accountability

Ownership questions

-does the program meet a real need in the community?

-does the community have a say in how the program is implemented?

- is the program delivered in the local language/visual aids? is it accessible for everyone?

- is the local community developing skills and knowledge that can be passed on to future generations?

Partnerships questions

- is there partnerships between groups? (NGOs, govs, multilateral aid agencies etc.)

- is there adequate funding to implement the program for the required time?

-are resources being used efficiently and there is no duplication of interventions?

Results focused questions

- are the most pressing needs of the community being targeted?

- Will the program have a long term impact on addressing poverty, reducing inequality and improving h&w and human development?

- does the program benefit the country to which the aid is being given, or the donor country?

-does the program empower and educate women?

-are the results of the program monitored for continuous improvement?

transparency and accountability questions

- is all the necessary information made available to all involved in developing the program?

-are the funds going where they are meant to go?

- is the program monitored and assessed against the aims and objectives of the program? It this information available for all?

Social Action

an action that creates positive change. Can be completed at a personal level or through an organised group.

Examples of social action

- volunteering

- donating to NGOs

- fundraising events in schools/communities

-showing support through petitions, online competitions, social media etc.

- organise boycotts and walk offs

-begin a social enterprise activity.