held- biology of animals BIOL 1402 (TEST 1)

evolution

change in frequency of traits in a population (ex: darker color)

natural selection

cause of evolution

adaptation

increase in fitness of population to its environment

heritable variation

trait that is capable of being selected (ex: color)

organic molecules

compounds that contain carbon

A-

not

-tom

cut

isotopes

atoms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons

orbitals must...

all be full for stability

inert elements

have full electron orbitals

hydrophilic

dissolve easily

hydrophobic

fear water

the 4 macromolecules

1. sugar/carbs

2. fats

3. proteins

4. DNA & RNA

polymer of sugar/carbs

polysaccharides (complex carbs/sugars)

monomer of sugar/carbs

monosaccharides (simple carbs/sugars)

function of sugar/carbs

store FAST energy

polymer of fats

lipids

monomer of fats

fatty acids

function of fats

store SLOW energy

polymer of proteins

polypeptides

monomer of proteins

amino acids

function of proteins

enzymes (catalysts)

polymer of DNA & RNA

nucleic acids

monomer of DNA & RNA

nucleotides

function of DNA & RNA

stores information

peptides =

proteins

what does an amino acid do?

shed water

monomer -> polymer

dehydration

polymer -> monomer

hydrolysis

hydrocarbons have...

double bonds and kinks in the chains (ex:unsaturated oils)

-ose

sugar

isomers

same atoms but arranged differently

polysaccharide examples

-cellulose (we can't digest b/c we don't have the right enzymes)

-starch

-glycogen (in liver and stores glucose)

glucose is a...

monomer

3 kinds of lipids

1. triglycerides

2. phospholipids

3. steroids

is hydrocarbon hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

hydrophobic

is phosphate hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

hydrophilic

the cell membrane is a...

phospholipid bilayer

steroids are...

4 ring hydrocarbons (ex: hormones)

primary level of structure

sequence of amino acids

secondary level of structure

alpha helix, beta pleated sheet, random coil, and formed by hydrogen bonds

tertiary level of structure

final 3D structure of a protein. globular, fibrous

quaternary level of structure

> 1 polypeptides put together in a group

what shape are enzymes?

globular

pro-

before- ancient

-kariotic

nucleus

eu-

true

cyto-

cell

-plasm

stuff

where is cytoplasm?

outside the nucleus

what is a ribosome?

machine that dots the rough E.R.

BOTH prokaryotes and eukaryotes have...

-a cell membrane surrounding it (phospholipid bilayer)

-DNA

-cytoplasm

-ribosomes

prokaryotic kingdoms

1. bacteria

2. archaea

do prokaryotes have a nucleus?

no- they are membrane bound

no membrane bound organelles AT ALL

eukaryotic kingdoms

1. protists (unicellular)

2. animals (multicellular)

3. plants (multicellular)

4. fungi (multicellular)

do eukaryotes have a nucleus?

yes- and membrane bound organelles

has a cytoskeleton

central vacuole

biggest organelle in plants and stores water

plasma membrane (in an animal cell)

-made of phospholipid bilayer

-semipermeable

-lets things in/out through ends/exocytosis

animal cell's cell membrane is...

semi-permeable

phago-

eat

pino-

drink

biggest organelle in an animal cell

nucleus

-olus

little

what does the nucleolus do?

makes lots of rRNA

nucleus of an animal cell

-double bilayer

-contains DNA

what is the cytoskeleton of an animal cell for?

transport and rigidity

what does the SMOOTH E.R. do?

makes lipids

what does the ROUGH E.R. do?

makes protein via ribosomes

what does the golgi complex do?

packages proteins for lipids into vesicles

what are vesicles?

hollow spheres for transport and storage

what is a lysosome?

type of vesicle that contains digestive enzymes

sym-

together

2 things that contain DNA:

chloroplast and mitochondria

what does cell multiplication require?

energy and raw materials

-dynam

random

entropy

a measure of disorder

exergonic

release energy

endergonic

consume energy and build complex molecules

catalyst

speed up chemical reaction without being changed (can be re-used)

co-factors

vitamins

how do enzymes couple exergonic and endergonic reactions?

active site catalyzes 2 reactions at once

where do metabolic pathways occur?

in the cytoplasm

metabolic

disassembly

anabolic

assembly

types of reactions

-splitting or joining (1->2 or 2->1)

-phosphorylation (ADP+P -> ATP)

-isomerization

-redox

redox reaction

transfer of electrons

glycolysis

-occurs outside the mitochondria

-not aerobic

-glucose -> 2 pyruvate

-ATP (2/ glucose)

-NADH left over

fermentation

-occurs outside the mitochondria

-NOT aerobic

-2 pyruvate -> human (-> lactate) or yeast (-> ethanol)

-no ATP

-recycles NADH -> NAD

aerobic respiration

-occurs in the mitochondria

-aerobic

-pyruvate -> CO2 and H2O (oxidation)

-ATP (34/ glucose)

-Krebs cycle and ETC

krebs cycle

-makes lots of NADH

-ATP (2/ glucose)

-clearing house of molecules (junk)

electron transport chain (ETC)

-ATD

-ATP (32/ glucose)

-chemiosmosis

what does the ETC do?

converts energy from NADH to ATP

trick for maximizing efficiency

feedback inhibition via allosteric enzymes that bind to the allosteric site

allo-

other

-steric

place

mitosis

copies and distributes chromosomes during cell reproduction (division)

meiosis

shuffles the chromosomes (which contain DNA) in order to create variation offspring

diploid

2 sets of chromosomes

haploid

1 set of chromosomes

gamete

sperm and egg (haploid)