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Foundationalism
The theory that certain beliefs, called justified basic beliefs, can stand alone as the foundation for other beliefs.
Justified Basic Belief
A belief that has at least some justification that is not based on any other belief; also known as properly basic beliefs or immediately justified beliefs.
Cartesian Standard of J-basicness
A belief is a J-basic belief if it is indubitable and any belief that it is true is infallible.
Indubitable
A belief that cannot be doubted; if someone considers its truth, they cannot help but believe it is true.
Infallible
A belief for which there are no possible circumstances under which the belief can be false.
Chisholm's Principle B
If a person believes, without grounds for doubt, that they perceive something to be a certain way, it is beyond reasonable doubt that their perception is accurate.
Chisholm's Principle H
Beliefs with low levels of justification can support and increase each other's justification when they cohere.
Coherentist Theory of Empirical Justification (CTEK)
The idea that all epistemic justification is inferential, without basic beliefs, and is justified by the coherence among a system of beliefs.
Coherence
The logical consistency and coherent relationships between beliefs; coherence increases with inferential connections and strength among those beliefs.
Counterexample to Foundationalism
Challenges to foundationalist claims of indubitability and infallibility through scenarios that suggest justified beliefs may not meet those criteria.
Case of the Lost Mariner
An objection to the coherentist perspective that illustrates the distinction between individual justification and the attainment of actual knowledge.
Isolation from Truth
The concern that coherentist systems may lack a connection to truth, as coherence itself does not guarantee accurate beliefs.