Analytical Instrumentation and Organic Chemistry Practice Flashcards

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering chromatography principles, analytical instrumentation, spectroscopy types, industrial analyzers, and fundamental organic chemistry concepts from the lecture notes.

Chromatography

The process for identification, purification, and separation of components of a mixture based on the difference in their affinity for mobile and stationary phases.

Mobile Phase

A fluid that dissolves a mixture and carries it through a structure holding another material.

Stationary Phase

The material held in a structure, such as a column, through which the mobile phase carries the dissolved mixture.

Exclusion Chromatography

A technique where solute molecules are separated based specifically on molecular geometry and size.

Adsorption Chromatography

A principle where gas or liquid molecules are separated as they are adsorbed on a solid surface.

Column Chromatography

A separation method based on the principle of differential adsorption where components are eluted in order of increasing polarity and increasing distribution ratio.

Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)

A technique used to separate non-volatile mixtures over a layer of adsorbent, typically about $0.2\,mm$ thick, on a glass plate.

Retardation Factor ($R_f$)

The ratio of the distance moved by a substance from the base line to the distance moved by the solvent from the base line.

Paper Chromatography

A type of partition chromatography using special quality paper where trapped water acts as the stationary phase.

Affinity Chromatography

Used for the purification of enzymes and proteins and the elimination of undesirable substances from the blood.

Gas Chromatography

A common type of chromatography used for separating and analyzing compounds that can be vaporized without decomposition.

Ion Exchange Chromatography

A technique applied in the softening of hard water, demineralisation of water, and separation of anions.

Spectroscopy

The study of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter, where radiations travel at a speed of $3 \times 10^8\,m/s$ in a vacuum.

Beer Lambert’s Law

States the relation between energy absorption and concentration, often represented as $A = abc$.

Transmittance ($T$)

The ratio of radiant power transmitted by the sample ($P$) to the radiant power incident on the sample ($P_o$), where $T = \frac{P}{P_o}$.

Molar Absorptivity

The unit of absorptivity used in Beer Lambert's formula, represented as $L\,mol^{-1}\,cm^{-1}$.

Photovoltaic Cell

A detector also known as a barrier layer cell that does not require a battery for operation.

Bolometer

A type of resistance thermometer (thermistor) constructed of metals such as platinum or nickel used as a detector.

Golay Cell

A pneumatic detector used in IR spectroscopy based on the expansion of gas upon heating.

Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectrometer

A non-dispersive type instrument useful for repetitive analysis that uses an interferometer and computer processing.

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

A principle where radiation is absorbed by non-excited atoms in a vapour state that are excited to higher states, also called Absorption Flame Photometry.

Hollow Cathode Lamp

A radiation source used in Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy where the cathode is constructed of the element to be investigated.

Laminar Flow Burner

Also known as a Premix burner, it provides a noiseless and stable flame for flame photometry analysis.

Retention Time

The time taken by an analyte after sample injection to reach the detector.

Dead Time

The time required for a molecule of the mobile phase to pass through the column.

Plate Height

The distance that a solute moves while undergoing one partition in chromatography.

Eddy Diffusion

A multipath term in the column expressed as $A = \lambda d_p$.

Longitudinal Diffusion

Also called axial diffusion, expressed as $B = 2 \gamma D_M$.

Katharometer

Another name for a thermal conductivity detector which uses a heated filament as a sensing element.

Saltzman Method

A colorimetric procedure where air containing $NO_2$ forms a pink coloured dye complex in a solution of sulphanilic acid and diamine.

pH

The negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration, represented as $-\log_{10}[H^+]$.

Nernst Equation

Used for measuring the potential of electrodes, given as $E = E_o + \frac{2.303 RT}{F} \log C_H$.

Standard Hydrogen Electrode

The primary reference electrode with an output potential defined as $0\,volts$.

Calomel

Mercury chloride ($Hg_2Cl_2$), commonly used in a secondary reference electrode.

TISAB

Stands for Total Ionic Strength Adjustment Buffer, used to overcome interferences in fluoride electrodes.

Transesterification

The process of exchanging the organic alkyl group of an ester with the organic alkyl group of an alcohol.

Saponification Value

The number of milligrams of $KOH$ required to saponify the fatty acids present in $1\,g$ of oil or fat.

Dieckmann Condensation

The intramolecular Claisen condensation of a diester to form a cyclic product.

Gabriel Phthalimide Synthesis

A method preferred for synthesizing primary aliphatic amines.

Hinsberg Reagent

Benzenesulfonyl chloride ($C_6H_5SO_2Cl$), used to distinguish between primary, secondary, and tertiary amines.

Schiff's Base

The product of the reaction between an aniline and an aldehyde.

Sandmeyer’s Reaction

The substitution of an aromatic amino group via its diazonium salt using nucleophiles like $Cl^-$, $I^-$, or $CN^-$.

Inductive Effect

A permanent electron displacement effect caused by electronegativity differences in a polar bond.

Electromeric Effect

A temporary molecular polarizability effect involving an intra-molecular electron displacement in the presence of an attacking reagent.

Mesomeric Effect

Also known as the resonance effect, it is a permanent effect operating in compounds with at least one double bond.

Hyperconjugation

The Baker-Nathan effect; the stabilising interaction resulting from the interaction of electrons in a $\sigma$-bond with an adjacent empty p-orbital or $\pi$-orbital.

Homolytic Fission

The breaking of a covalent bond such that each atom separates with one electron of the shared pair to form free radicals.

Carbocation

An intermediate species where a carbon atom bears three bonds and a positive charge, stabilized by alkyl substitution and resonance.

Carbanion

An anion with a central carbon atom carrying a negative charge and an unshared pair of electrons, typically possessing a pyramidal geometry.

Epimers

Stereoisomers that differ in configuration at only one stereogenic center, such as glucose and galactose.

Bohr Magneton

The unit value of the magnetic moment associated with the spin of an electron.

TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic)

A widely employed logic family where the basic function of the gate is a NAND function.

ESCA

Abbreviation for Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis, which uses soft X-rays to eject inner shell electrons.

SIMS

Abbreviation for Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy, typically used for surface analysis with a spectral range of $0 - 500\,amu$.