2.1 Carbs & Lipids

Polymer: l__ m__ made from m__ s__ r__ s__ joined in a c__ via c__ b__

large molecule, many similar repeating subunits, chain, covalent bonds

Monomer: r__ s__ m__ used as b__ b__ for s__ p__ via c__ b__

rel simple molecule, building block, synthesising polymers, covalent bond

Monosaccharide: m__ consisting of a s__ s__ u__ w/ g__ f__ (__)_

mol, single sugar unit, gen formula, CH2O n

C__ reaction
> c__ reaction that __ 2 mols by r__ H₂O

condensation, chem, joins, removing

H__
> c__ reaction that b__ chem. b__ by a__ H₂O

hydrolysis, chem, breaks, bond, adding

Carbohydrates
M__ → d__ → p__

monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide

Examples of monosaccharides:
g__, f__, ga__

glucose, fructose, galactose

alpha or beta glucose?

alpha

alpha or beta glucose?

beta

Functions of monosaccharides
1. source of e__ in r__
> as lots of C-H b__ break = energy released

energy, respiration, bonds

Functions of monosaccharides
2. B__ b__ for l__ molecules

building blocks, large

Reducing sugars __(can/cant) donate e- THUS is r__ agent THUS detected by B__’s

can, reducing, benedicts

Non-reducing sugars (e.g. __) __ (can/cant) donate e-

sucrose, cant

Disaccharide: s__ m__ made of _ m__ joined by a __ bond

sugar mol, 2 monosaccharides, glycosidic

Glucose + glucose →

maltose

Glucose + fructose →

sucrose

Glucose + galactose →

lactose

Glycosidic bond: _-_-_ link between 2 s__ mols formed by c__ reactions; thus is covalent

COC sugar, condensation

Examples of polysaccharides
> s__, c__, g__

starch, cellulose, glycogen

Polysaccharide: p__ whose s__ are m__ joined by g__ b__
> NOT S__

polymers, subunits, monosaccharides, glycosidic bonds, sugars

	Starch	Cellulose	Glycogen
Monomers	__-glucose
Bond between monos (glycosidic)	A__ 1,_ A__ 1,_ & 1,_
Function	I__ store of g__ in p__
Structure	Amylose: u__ helix Amylopectin: b__
How structure = func	Can be c__ = fit lots of glucose in s__ space = u__ Insoluble = won’t affect o__

alpha, amylose, 4, amylopectin, 4, 6, insol, glucose, plants, unbranched, branched, compacted, small, unreactive, osmosis

	Starch	Cellulose	Glycogen
Monomers		__-glucose
Bond between monos (glycosidic)		1,_ only
Function		S__ strength for c__ w__
Structure		L__ s__ chains Held p__ via _ bonds = fibrils
How structure = func		Many H bonds = s__ Insoluble = won’t affect o__

beta, 4, structure, cell wall, long straight, parallel, H, strong, osmosis

	Starch	Cellulose	Glycogen
Monomers			__-glucose
Bond between monos (glycosidic)			1,_ & 1,_
Function			I__ store of glucose in a__
Structure			Highly b__
How structure = func			Branched = ↑S__ for rapid h__ → glucose Insoluble = won’t affect o__

alpha, 4, 6, insol, animals, branched, sa, hydrolysis, osmosis

Cellulose (polymer of __-glucose)
> As 1C’s -__ is facing u__ and the other’s (4C) is facing d__, the 2nd beta-glucose must be f__ __degrees to form g__ bond
> this is s__ bc H in OH is a__ to _ atoms in same ring AND __ groups in other rings

beta, OH, up, down, flipped 180, glycosidic, strong, attr, O, OH

Dipoles, H Bonds
> Atoms in H₂O are held via c__ bonds, O is more __ve, H more __ve
> O is attr. to _ in another = H bond

covalent, -, +, H

A dipole is the u__ distr. of c__.
> polar: __ (has/has no) dipoles THUS is attr. to __
> non-polar: __ (has/has no) dipoles THUS is NOT attr. to __

unequal, charge, has, h2o, has no, h2o

Fatty acids have a -__ group as head
> U__ lipids are formed via C__C bonds (doesnt have m__ possible amt of H) = melt easier
> S__ lipids have only C__C bonds (usually fat)

COOH, unsaturated, =, max, saturated, -

An e__ bond is formed when an a__ reacts w/ a__
> is the -COO-
> formed via c__ reaction

ester, acid, alcohol, condensation

Triglycerides
> _ g__ + _ f__ a__
> n__-p__ = h__ = insol. in H₂O
>> bc fatty acid t__ are hydrophobic

1 glycerol, 3 fatty acids, non-polar, hydrophobic, tails

Functions of triglycerides
1. e__ s__
> has more __-__ bonds than carbs = MORE e__ released = GOOD for s__

energy store, C-H, energy, storage

Functions of triglycerides
2. i__
> stored below the s__

insulator, skin

Functions of triglycerides
3. m__ source of __
> o__ in respiration → CO₂ + H₂O = GOOD for d__ habitat

metabolic, H2O, oxidised, dry

Phospholipids
> _ f__ a__ is replaced by p__ group = p__ = h__
> the 2 remaining tails are still h__
>> 1 end is s__ in H₂O; thus phospholipids can form m__ around a cell

1 fatty acid, phosphate, polar, hydrophilic, hydrophobic, soluble, membrane