UCSD Extension Anatomy Bold Terms

frontal plane

transverse plane

sagitttal plane

axial

appendicular

skull

mandible

cervical vertebrae

thoracic vertebrae

lumbar vertebrae

sacrum

coccyx

ribs

sternum

manubrium

clavicle

scapula

humerus

radius

ulna

carpals

metacarpals

phalanges

pelvic bone

femur

patella

tibia

fibula

tarsals

metatarsals

epidermis

dermis

hypodermis

median cubital vein

cephalic vein

basilic vein

thick skin

thin skin

nervous tissue (histology)

neuron

glial cell

muscle tissue (histology)

skeletal muscle (histology)

Long cylindrical fiber, striated, many peripherally located nuclei

cardiac muscle (histology)

Branching, intercalated discs with gap junctions, involuntary, striated, single central nucleus per cell

smooth muscle (histology)

no striations; wavy appearance with long, thin fibers in which cigar-shaped nuclei look like canoes floating on a smooth muscle lake

epithelial tissue (histology)

squamous cell

cuboidal cell

columnar cell

connective tissue (histology)

loose areolar connective tissue

adipose tissue

dense irregular connective tissue

dense regular connective tissue

cartilage (histology)

bone (histology)

extracellular matrix

a collection of extracellular molecules secreted by cells that provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells.

costal cartilage

intervertebral disk

pubic symphysis

temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

external oblique abdominis m.; function = Flexion and contralateral rotation of the torso

hamstring mm.; function = flex your knee, extend your thigh at your hip and rotate your lower leg from side-to-side when your knee is bent

intercostal mm.; function = push air out of the lungs

rectus abdominis m.; function = flexes the trunk anteriorly

sternocleidomastoid (SCM) m.; functions = Rotation of the head to the opposite side or obliquely rotate the head

chondrocyte

compact bone

intercalated disk

osteocyte

purkinje fiber

sarcomere

spongy bone

striations

tendon/ligament

acromion

biceps brachii m.; originates from the scapula and inserts on the radial tuberosity. Innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve, biceps brachii flexes and supinates the forearm, e.g., as in pulling a cork from a bottle of wine

deltoid m.; Deltoid originates from the clavicle and scapula and inserts on the humerus. Stimulated by the axillary nerve, deltoid's three heads can be activated independently:

· The anterior or clavicular head flexes the arm.

· The lateral or acromial head abducts the arm.

· The posterior or spinal head extends the arm.

Together, these actions swing the upper limb while walking

extensor digitorum (ED) m.; functions = extends the phalanges, then the wrist, and finally the elbow

Flexor digitorum superficialis m.; originates from the medial humeral epicondyle and crosses the wrist, MCP and PIP joints to insert on the middle phalanges of the fingers. Stimulated by the median nerve, FDS flexes the PIP, MCP and wrist joints, e.g., as when making a fist. The tendons of FDS pass through the carpal tunnel.

glenoid fossa

median n.

pectoralis major m.; Pectoralis major originates from the sternum, ribs and clavicle and inserts on the humerus. Stimulated by the pectoral nerves, pectoralis major flexes, adducts, and medially rotates the arm, e.g., as in giving a hug

shoulder flexion, medial rotation, and adduction

thenar mm.; function = abduction and flexion of the thumb

trapezius m.; Trapezius originates from the skull and vertebral column and inserts on the scapula and clavicle. Stimulated by cranial nerve XI, the accessory nerve, trapezius has upper, middle and lower portions that can be stimulated independently.

· The upper portion elevates the scapula, e.g., as in shrugging.

· The middle portion retracts the scapula, e.g., as in opening a drawer.

The lower portion depresses the scapula

triceps brachii m.; The three heads of triceps brachii originate from the scapula and humerus and insert on the olecranon. Stimulated by the radial nerve, triceps brachii is a powerful extensor of the forearm, e.g., as in swinging a hammer.

achilles tendon

anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

A ligament in the knee that attaches to the anterior aspect of the tibial plateau. restricting anterior movement of the tibia on the femur

fibularis longus m.; function = plantarflexion and eversion of the foot

eversion and plantarflexion

grastrocnemius m.; function = walking and posture

Gluteus maximus m.; function = extension and external rotation of the thigh at the hip joint

gracilis m.; function = hip adduction, knee flexion, and knee internal rotation

lateral meniscus

medial meniscus

piriformis m.; function = externally rotates the thigh

posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

quadriceps mm.; function = extend the leg at the knee joint and flex the thigh at the hip joint

sciatic n.

tibial tuberosity

tibialis anterior m.; function = dorsiflexion of the ankle and also as a strong inverter of the subtalar joint