Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
kinematics
description of motion considering space, time, patterns, speeds, movement sequence
are forces considered in kinematics?
no
kinetics
the study of the relationship between the forces acting on a system and the motion of the system
inertia
concept relating the difficulty with which an objects motion is altered
mass
the quantity of matter composing an object
units of mass
English: slug. SI: kg
mass
the measure of inertia for linear motion
mass
the property giving rise to gravitational attraction
centre of mass (centre of gravity)
point representing the average location of the mass of a body
position of centre of mass changes with changes in .... (2 words)
body configuration
motion of the centre of mass represents the (....1 word......) motion of the body as a whole
average
force
mechanical interaction between an object and its surroundings. the push or pull of one object on another.
is force a vector?
yes
name the vector quantities of force (3 total)
magnitude, direction, point of application
what are the 2 actions of forces
acceleration and deformation
T or F: it is often assumed that forces cause minimal deformation?
True
formula for force
F = mass (m) x a (acceleration of centre of mass)
1lb = how many newtons
1lb = 4.45N
net force
resultant force derived from the vector addition of two or more forces
what does net force reflect
all of the forces acting together
concentrated force
a force that is applied at a single point
distribution force
a force that is applied over a distributed area. can be approximated by a concentrated force that has same net effect
weight
the force due to gravity
formula for weight (Fw)
Fw = mass (m) x g (acceleration due to gravity - 9.81m/s^2)
weight always acts at the (....3 words.....), and points towards the (......4 words....)
centre of mass. centre of the earth
pressing or squeezing force directed normally (perpendicular) to a surface
compression. Fn arrow goes down
pulling or stretching force directed normally to a surface
tension. Fn arrow goes up
sliding or tearing force directed parallel to a surface
shear. Fs goes parallel along surface
T or F: compression, tension, and shear deform an object under load
True
formula for shear stress
σ = F / A.
σ = stress
F = force applied
A = area force is applied over
pressure
stress due to a compressive force
bending
asymmetric loading that produces tension on one side of a body, compression on the other
during bending, where are compressive and tensile stresses the greatest?
at the surface
torsion
load producing twisting of a body. creates shear stress.
during torsion, where are the shear stresses the greatest?
at the surface
linear motion (translation)
all parts of an object or system move the same distance in the same direction at the same time
linear kinetics
the kinetics of particles, objects, or systems undergoing linear motion
internal force
force applied to a system from within the force
external forces
forces applied to a system from outside the system
which forces (internal or external) are NOT included in mechanical analyses
internal
What are Newton's 3 laws of motion?
Law of Inertia
Law of Acceleration
Law of Action-Reaction
what is the law of inertia
a body will maintain a state of rest or constant velocity unless acted on by an external force
which newtons law states that if there is no net external force acting on the body, then the body will remain motionless
1st law: law of inertia
what is newtons 2nd law
law of acceleration
formula for law of acceleration
F = ma
F = net external force acting on a body
M = mass of the body
a = linear acceleration of the body centre of mass
if there is a net external force acting on a body: the acceleration of the body's centre of mass is:
directly proportional to the net force
inversely proportional to the body's mass
in the direction of the net force
if net external force and velocity are in the same direction what happens to magnitude of velocity?
it increases
if net external force and velocity are in opposite directions what happens to magnitude of velocity?
magnitude of velocity decreases
if there is a larger net force, there will be what type of change in velocity? (2 words)
larger & faster
what happens to change in velocity if
V + F+ \n V + F- \n V- F- \n V- F+
increase in + direction \n decrease in + direction \n increase in - direction \n decrease in - direction
what can a net external force produce? (3 changes)
change in speed (magnitude of V)
change in direction
change in both speed and direction
if a vector is parallel...
= change in speed
if a vector is perpendicular...
= change in direction
what is newtons 3rd law?
law of reaction
law of reaction (3rd law)
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
contact forces
forces pushing against or pulling an object as the result of physical contact with another object
name the 2 contact forces within biomechanics
forces applied from outside the body
forces originating inside the body
non-contact forces
forces that do NOT results from direct physical contact
examples of non-contact forces
gravity, magnetic, electric
resistive
normal force resulting from pushing or pulling against a rigid body
friction
acts over area of contact between 2 surfaces, opposes sliding between surfaces
produced by spring-like objects; proportional to deformation. provide an example of this force. resistance changes depending on stretch.
elastic force. ex: resistance bands.
viscous
force produced by fluids. proportional to velocity. resistance doesn't change.
combines behaviour or a spring and a fluid. force depends on deformation, rate of deformation and time. provide an example of this type of force
viscoelastic force. biologic material (bones, tendon, muscle)
static friction
type of friction that applies when objects are not sliding relative to each other
kinetic friction
type of friction that applies hen objects are sliding relative to each other
what will happen to object if the Sum of other shear forces exceeds maximum static friction force
object will begin to slide!
direction of kinetic force is always (....opposite OR in same direction....) of sliding?
opposite
T or F: once object is moving, kinetic friction force doesn't change
true
what is elastic force produced by? what it is proportional to
produced by spring-like objects
proportional to deformation
what is viscous force produced by? what is it proportional to?
produced by fluids
proportional to velocity
does resistance increase or decrease if object length increases?
resistance increases
joint contact forces
compressive force resulting from bone-on-bone contact
musculotendon force
active and passive forces generated by a muscle-tendon unit
ligament force
passive force produced by stretching of a ligament
T or F: ligament force cannot produce, it can only resist force
true
intervertebral force
force acting on the disk between spinal vertebrae
resultant joint force
net force acting across a joint (due to all surfaces)
are musculotendon forces produced at the origin and insertion equal or different?
equal
what stretches more, tendon or ligament?
tendon
tendon forces can function to store energy during (....1 word....) contractions
eccentric
formula for stress
stress = F / A
do ligaments get more or less stiff when they are stretched
more stiff
which force curve is more exponential? ligament or tendon
ligaments
ligaments or tendons?
- prevent unwanted joint movement \n - provide mobility and stability
ligaments
intervertebral force: nucleus expands against (...1word...) when compressed
annulus
nucleus experience large (....type of stress...)
compressive
fibers of annulus experience large (...type of stress...)
tensile stress
3 primary joint forces (where in body)
bone, muscle, ligaments
angular motion (rotation)
All points in an object or system move in a circle about a single axis of rotation. All points move through the same angle in the same time
angular kinetics
the kinetics or particles, objects, or systems undergoing rotation
linear acceleration
what type of acceleration will result from a force applied though the centre of mass
what type of acceleration will result from a force applied at any other point than the centre of mass?
linear and angular acceleration
torque
the measure of extent to which a force will cause an object to rotate
line of action
the imaginary line that extends from the force vector in both directions
moment arm
shortest distance from a force's line of action to the axis of rotation
moment arm is always (...perpendicular OR parallel...) to the line of actions and passes (...through OR around...) the access of rotation
perpendicular
through
computing moment arm formula
moment arm = d sin theta
d = distance from axis of rotation where force is applied
theta: angle where force is applied
3 components of torque
magnitude, direction (+ or -), and specific axis of rotation
torque formula
forces magnitude (f) x moment arm (d⊥)