Fried/Chopped/burnt

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Dust Bowl

1930s environmental disaster in Southern Plains USA.

Okies

Migrants from Dust Bowl seeking work in California.

Severe dust storms

Result of drought, poor farming, and high winds.

Poor agricultural practices

Over-plowing that stripped land of natural grasses.

Great Depression

Severe global economic downturn starting in 1929.

Black Tuesday

Stock market crash on October 29, 1929.

Stock prices

Rapidly rose due to speculation in the 1920s.

Buying on margin

Investing borrowed money in stocks.

Bank failures

Loss of savings due to banks' stock market investments.

Overproduction

Producing more goods than consumers could buy.

Underconsumption

Reduced consumer spending leading to unsold inventory.

Economic inequality

Wealth concentrated among a small percentage of Americans.

Soil Conservation Service

New Deal program promoting sustainable farming practices.

The Grapes of Wrath

Steinbeck's novel chronicling Dust Bowl families' struggles.

Drought

Extended period of abnormally low rainfall.

High winds

Contributed to the severity of dust storms.

Financial losses

Farmers' economic struggles during the Dust Bowl.

Displaced families

Families forced to leave their homes due to disaster.

Cautionary tale

Dust Bowl exemplifies consequences of environmental mismanagement.

Migration

Movement of people seeking better living conditions.

Job competition

Struggle for limited job opportunities in California.

Derogatory connotation

Negative implication associated with the term 'Okie'.

Cultural effects

Social changes resulting from the Dust Bowl.

Smoot-Hawley Tariff

High tariffs that stifled global trade.

Great Depression

Severe worldwide economic downturn in the 1930s.

New Deal

FDR's programs for economic relief and recovery.

Social Security

Government program providing financial support to retirees.

Unemployment Insurance

Financial assistance for unemployed individuals.

Economic Oversight

Regulations to prevent financial crises and speculation.

Native American Land Ownership

Communal land viewed as sacred and collective.

Private Property

Land ownership based on individual rights and wealth.

Manifest Destiny

Belief in the divine right to expand westward.

Indian Removal Act

Policy forcing Native tribes to cede land.

Dawes Act (1887)

Law dividing tribal land into individual plots.

Tribal Sovereignty

Recognition of Native American tribes' self-governance.

Clara Luper

Civil Rights leader and educator from Oklahoma.

Sit-in Movement

Nonviolent protests against segregation in public spaces.

Katz Drug Store Sit-in

1958 protest leading to desegregation of the store.

NAACP Youth Council

Group of young activists led by Clara Luper.

Grassroots Activism

Community-based efforts to enact social change.

Youth Leadership

Empowerment of young people in social movements.

Systemic Racism

Institutional practices that perpetuate racial inequality.

Black History Education

Teaching the contributions and struggles of Black Americans.

Civil Rights Movement

Movement aimed at ending racial discrimination.

Racial Equality

The goal of equal rights for all races.

Nonviolent Protests

Peaceful demonstrations to advocate for change.

Clara Luper

Civil rights leader symbolizing courage and perseverance.

Civil Rights Movement

A struggle for social justice and equality.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Legislation prohibiting discrimination based on race.

Homestead Act

Law granting 160 acres to settlers after five years.

Dawes Act (1887)

Law dividing tribal lands into individual plots.

Enabling Act of 1906

Legislation facilitating Oklahoma's admission as a state.

Five Civilized Tribes

Cherokee, Choctaw, Creek, Chickasaw, Seminole tribes.

Land Run of 1889

Event opening Unassigned Lands for settlement.

Tribal Land Loss

Over 90 million acres lost due to allotment.

Indian Boarding Schools

Institutions aimed at assimilating Native American children.

Oklahoma Statehood

Official statehood achieved in 1907.

Moral Conviction

Strong belief in ethical principles guiding actions.

Nonviolent Resistance

Protest method avoiding physical violence.

Local Action

Community efforts impacting national movements.

Assimilation Policy

Government strategy to integrate Native Americans into society.

Surplus Land

Excess land available for non-Indian settlers.

Private Allotments

Individual land grants to Native Americans under Dawes Act.

Demographic Geography

Population distribution influenced by land policies.

Political Geography

Political boundaries shaped by historical land acts.

Cultural Impact

Influence of policies on Native American heritage.

Federal Land Policies

Government regulations affecting land ownership and use.

Reconstruction Era Treaties

Agreements addressing land allotments for tribes.

Encroachment on Native Lands

Settler invasion of lands reserved for Indigenous peoples.

Boarding Schools

Institutions aimed to assimilate Native American children.

Carlisle Indian School

Founded in 1879 to erase Indigenous identity.

Richard Pratt

Founder of Carlisle, promoted cultural assimilation.

Civilizing Mission

Effort to impose Euro-American culture on Native Americans.

Forcible Removal

Children taken from families to attend boarding schools.

Cultural Erasure

Goal to eliminate tribal traditions and languages.

Anglo-style Clothing

New attire given to Native children at schools.

Language Suppression

Punishment for speaking native languages in schools.

Christianity Teaching

Religious instruction imposed on Native American students.

Vocational Skills

Some students gained practical skills at boarding schools.

Health Conditions

Poor conditions led to disease and neglect.

Burials at Carlisle

Nearly 200 students buried by 1904 due to neglect.

Cultural Heritage Loss

Overall impact of boarding schools on Native identity.

Traumatized Generations

Boarding schools disrupted family and community structures.

Language Preservation Challenges

Struggles to maintain languages post-boarding school era.

Resistance to Assimilation

Later movements strengthened by boarding school survivors.

French Exploration

First European contact in present-day Oklahoma.

Louisiana Territory

Claimed by France, included present-day Oklahoma.

Jacques Marquette

Explorer who recorded early European passage in Oklahoma.

Jean-Baptiste Bénard de la Harpe

Led expeditions establishing trade in Oklahoma.

Trade Relations

Exchanged European goods for Native American resources.

Tawakoni Village

Encountered by La Harpe during his explorations.

Osage Territory

Region explored by Marquette and Jolliet.

du Tisné

First European to contact Wichita village in 1719.

French explorations

Established early trade with Oklahoma tribes.

Osage tribe

Middlemen in fur trade between New Orleans and Plains.

Wichita tribe

First encountered Europeans during French expeditions.

Caddo tribe

Participated in early trade with French explorers.

Comanche tribe

Received European goods from French expeditions.

Louisiana Purchase

1803 sale of Louisiana territory to the U.S.

Three Forks area

Historic crossroads of rivers and commerce in Oklahoma.