WCF: Comprehensive Overview of Child Development Concepts

Erickson's Theory of Psychosocial Development

core research focused on 8 stages of healthy development and maturation over one's lifespan

what does erickson's theory explore

how social interactions shape an individual's ability to deal with the developmental crisis of each level

Erickson's stages during childhood

trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs shame and doubt, initiative vs guilt, industry vs inferiority, identity vs role confusion

trust vs. mistrust

birth to 1 year, basic needs must be met and trust must be learned, taught before birth

autonomy vs. shame and doubt

1-3, controlling body excretions, "no", balance independence and self sufficiency

initiative vs. guilt

3-6, exploring world, creating, resourcefulness to achieve and learn new things

industry vs. inferiority

6-12, new activities, sports, school, sense of confidence

identity vs. role confusion

12-18, new sense of identity, clear sense of self

Piaget's theory of cognitive development

core research focused on cognitive/intellectual maturation at each of the 4 stages and influences impacting an individuals' world view, specific to processes of assimilation and accommodation

sensorimotor

infant to 2, learns from sensory input, language skills, looking, hearing, touching

preoperational

2-6, increasing verbal, limitations in thought, development of motor skills, using words and images to represent things

concrete operational

7-11, organize thought in logical order, manipulates objects

formal operational

12-adulthood, mature abstract thought and reasoning to handle difficult concepts

importance of play

occurs at all stages, shapes development, help with reflexes and neurological development and motor skills, helps with communication and language development, and helps with development of personality/temperament/morality

general physical changes in infants

body organs not fully mature at 1 year including the nervous system and ability to control their body, infant growth is measured month to month

newborn general physical changes

no head control, flexed position, hands closed but has strong grasp, communicates by cooing/babbling/crying

3-6 month general physical changes

birth weight doubled at 6mo, holds head more erect, sits supported at 6mo, rolls over, can move objects from hand to hand, discovers self play with hands/feet/mouth, begins to support self in tripod position, communicates by cooing/babbling/crying

9-12 month general physical changes

birth weight tripled by 12mo, head and chest circumference are the same by 12mo, creeps, pulls self up on objects, teetering, takes steps with assistance, uses pincer grasp, begins to hold and release objects, waves bye, can understand no and mama/dada, stranger anxiety

cognitive and sensory function in infants

discriminates visual images, sounds, tastes

psychosocial development in infants

solitary play, reflexive manner-grasps objects

leading causes of morbidity and mortality in infants

birth defects, preterm birth, low birth weight, pregnancy complications, SIDS, injuries

leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children aged 1-4

accidents, congenital or chromosomal abnormalities, assault (homicide)

leadings causes of morbidity and mortality in children aged 5-14

accidents, cancer, self harm (suicide)

healthy people 2030 goals for infants

access to healthcare and providers, dental health, injury prevention, nutrition, sleep, immunizations, mental health, reduce bullying of LGBT students

multisensory stimulation for infants (birth to 1yr)

music/noise-making objects, rocking, cuddling, visual patterns, mirrors, mobiles, black and white patterns, hearing spoken language

fine/gross motor activities for infants (birth to 1 year)

soft toys, rattles, objects to grasp, teething toys, large blocks (9-12mo), peek-a-boo, pincer grasps

physical changes in toddlers (1-3)

gains about 1.4-2.3kg per year, height increases about 3in per year, walks/climbs/runs/jumps, holds objects such as utensils, draws, begins to undress self

cognitive and sensory function for toddlers (1-3)

temper tantrums, no, enjoys pictures/reading aloud/naming objects

age 1 speech

uses 1 word commands, can follow 1 step direction

age 2 speech

uses 2 words and follows 2 words commands

age 3 speech

uses 3 words and follows 3 word commands

what can toddlers (1-3) play with for fine/gross motor play

building blocks, scribbling with crayons, push and pull toys, up and down stairs

what can toddlers (1-3) play with for psychosocial development

parallel play with imitative behaviors, occasionally trade toys and words

physical changes in preschoolers (3-5/6)

gains about 1.5-2.5kg per year, height increases 4-6cm per year, walks/climbs/runs/jumps easier, ties shoes, fastens buttons, draws stick figures, can use scissors

cognitive and sensory function of preschoolers (3-5/6)

visual acuity sharpens and can focus on letters and numbers, concrete thinking, "why", enjoys rhymes, vocabulary is 1500-2000 words

what can preschoolers play with for fine/gross motor play

dramatic play, puppets, reading together, crafts, can use scissors, large motor activities, bicycle, climbing, swinging

psychosocial development of preschoolers

learns rules, begins to pick up on gender differences, associative play

physical changes of school age kids (6-12)

gains about 4-6lbs per year, height increases about 2in per year, walks/climbs/runs/jumps with precise coordination, swim, dance, fine dexterity improves

cognitive and sensory function of school age kids

thinking becomes more logical, solve problems, why goes to how, visually acuity reaches 20/20, vocab at 8000 to 15,000 words

psychosocial development of school age kids

increased peer influence, gender identity, same sex friends, cooperative play

what can school age kids play with for fine/gross motor play

sports as they can concentrate longer, puzzles, reading, games, cooperative play thats goal oriented towards winning or losing

physical changes of adolescents (12-18)

weight in girls increases about 15-55lbs and 15-66lbs in boys, girls increase in height by about 2-8in and boys increase about 4-12in, secondary sex characteristics develop, endurance and coordination start to peak, fine dexterity sharpens allowing for effortless manipulation

cognitive and sensory function in adolescents

can think in abstract terms, hypothesize, can use future time perspective, vocab of 50,000 words

psychosocial development in adolescents

mainly guided by peer influence, push pull dynamic with parental/caregiver units, continues cooperative play

fine/gross motor play in adolescents

sports, school activities, peer group is focus, games, reading, music, movies, video games

the components of a good pediatric assessment includes

general health history and physical exam

general health history components

nutrition, PMG including birth history, play/activity/sleeping patterns, family hx, social/psychosocial history, immunizations (UTD?), developmental milestones

physical exam components

assessment (always begin with least invasive to most distressful), vital signs, measurements

general considerations for physical assessment

consider anxiety level, reduce fears, talk with parents first, go slowly, give control where possible

physical assessment approaches for infant

start with non invasive procedures, save ENT for last, keep parent close, examine in parent's lap, neurologic portion of exam will include several more reflex assessments

physical assessment approaches for toddler

allow child to remain in parent's lap, let child get comfortable/used to being in room before starting, dont ask for permission, give choices when possible, use distractions when needed

physical assessment approaches for preschoolers

more cooperative, sense of body image, fear of mutilation, use simple explanations, have child participate, use games

physical assessment approaches for school aged

child should sit up on the table, explain what you are doing, take the opportunity to teach about the body

physical assessment approaches for adolescents

do physical exam alone, teen may request parent, talk with teen through the exam, good opportunity to provide teaching about maturing body/physical changes, be non-judgmental, confidentiality, cover sensitive topics with parent out of room

length measurements

measure supine until 2 with hips and knees extended flat using paper on table, stadiometer is on the wall with shoes off and shoulders and heels on the wall

weight and BMI measurements

infant scale until 2y, remove all clothes and diaper, older children use standing scale, BMI compares to same age and gender

what do you measure height in in kids

centimeters

what do you document weight in in kids

kilograms

growth charts for kids

plot on growth charts until 18, separate charts by boys and girls and by ages

head circumference guidelines

plot for first 2yrs, supine or sitting position, place tape over the occipital parietal and frontal prominences, deviations can signify problems, always documented in cm

caregiver issues with a hospitalized pediatric patient

anxiety, fear, disrupts routines, role changes, financial strain, discharge/caring at home

sibling issues with a hospitalized pediatric family

little attention from parents, perception of illness, nightmares, behavioral problems

pediatric patients issues when hospitalized

separation and/or stranger anxiety, fear of being alone, sensory overload, los of control, painful procedures, fear of the dark, loss of privacy/bodily functions, fear of death, fear of altered body image

pediatric coping mechanisms

regression, repression, rationalization, fantasy

growth

increase in size

development

refers to increased capabilities and ability to adapt

3 ways of growth and development

cephalocaudal, proximodistal, gross motor to fine motor

cephalocaudal

head to tail direction

proximodistal

near to far, midline to periphery

touchpoints

dynamic variation of the family system from birth to 3yrs, focus on caregiver's ability to demonstrate behaviorsand provide the tools necessary for the rapid changes experienced on the holistic realm

infant

birth to 1 year

toddler

1 to 3 years

preschool

3 to 5/6 years

school age

6 to 12 years

adolescent

12 to 18 years

anticipatory guidance

what information can I give a caregiver to help them in the next phase of the child's development