Anatomy and Physiology FINAL EXAM

The cardiovascular system is an example of a(n):

Organ System

Which of these steps occurs latest in the sequence?

Efferent pathway

The spleen is part of which organ system?

Lymphatic

The vagina & penis are part of which organ system? (You may need to select more than one answer)

Reproductive

In ________________, the variable deviates further from the initial value.

Positive Feedback

Changing the number of protons results in

Different Element

Attraction between two polar molecules constitutes:

Hydrogen Bond

This image is depicting which type of reaction?

Dehydration Synthesis

Which of the following is NOT an organic molecule?

NaCl (table salt - sodium chloride)

Which is indicating a saturated fatty acid tail:

C

In this image, the breakdown of sucrose constitutes:

Hydrolysis

Glucose is a:

monosaccharide

A molecule that is partly polar and partly nonpolar is:

amphipathic

A(n) ________ is amphipathic.

Phospholipid

_ is/are the basis of steroid hormones.

Cholesterol

Amino acids differ only in their:

Functional (R) group

The red arrow indicates:

Enzyme

What kind of chemical bond holds the two strands of the DNA molecule together?

Hydrogen Bonds

Which of the following nucleotide bases is found only in DNA:

Thymine

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) contains a sugar in its structure.

TRUE

adds rigidity to the cell's plasma membrane.

Cholesterol

are proteins that are not embedded within the cell plasma membrane

Peripheral membrane proteins

In the cell's plasma membrane, cholesterol is found:

Mostly in the interior of the phospholipid bilayer

Simple diffusion is how ions move across the cell membrane.

False

Placing a cell into a(n) _____________ solution will cause it to swell and burst.

Hypotonic

Using a Na+-gradient (which is produced by an ATP-powered Na+ pump) to drive movement of other solutes (e.g., glucose) constitutes:

secondary active transport

Which of these organelles is membranous?

golgi complex

This organelle makes ATP:

Mitochondria

has ribosomes

Rough ER

The ribosome structure contains RNA.

True

Cholesterol and steroid synthesis occurs in the:

Smooth ER

The purpose of this structure is to increase surface area:

microvillus

Transcription occurs in:

The ribosome

The "Central Dogma of the Cell" is:

DNA>RNA>Protein

Synthesis of an mRNA molecule complementary to a DNA template is called:

Transcription

has an amino acid at one end and three nucleic acids at the other.

tRNA

A codon is comprised of ____ nucleotides.

3

Which of the following is a sugar:

Glucose

Which is NOT one of the four primary tissue types:

Blood

Desmosomes help the cell by:

Resisting stretch forces

Epithelial tissues are highly vascularized.

False

Which is comprised of large amounts of sugars and a small amount of protein:

proteoglycan

The ____________ membrane covers organs and does not open to the exterior of the body.

Serous

glands have ducts.

exocrine

Which of the following is NOT a connective tissue type:

Fat

Connective tissues share a developmental origin (all are derived from the mesenchyme of the embryo).

True

Extracellular matrix (ECM) is composed of ground substance and

fibers

fibers have the highest tensile strength.

Collagen

The immature cell type in cartilage is:

chondroblast

The hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) generates:

Blood

The papillary layer of the dermis is comprised of:

Areolar CT

This epidermal layer is only present in "thick" skin:

stratum lucidum

The deepest layer of the dermis is:

Reticular layer of dermis

This is the most numerous cell type of the epidermis:

keratinocyte

This epidermal layer has stem cells.

stratum basal

Fingerprints are the result of:

friction ridges

Melanocytes are most abundant in the stratum

basale

is a highly regulated process of cell death that normally occurs as part of keratinization.

Apoptosis

________ are cells that package the pigment _________ into vesicles called _________ which are transferred to keratinocytes.

melanocytes; melanin; melanosomes

Epithelial tissues are highly vascularized.

False

Red hair color reflects the presence of:

Iron

Which part of the hair follicle is the cortex:

B

Patchy hair loss is normal for:

Abnormal

glands become active at puberty, are present in axillary/genital areas, and are associated with hair follicles.

apocrine

In a holocrine gland, the entire cells ruptures and cell fragments and debris are also secreted.

True

Dendritic cells are immune cells found in skin that can act as phagocytes of foreign bacteria. This is an example of a(n):

Biological barrier

Skin is involved in activation and metabolism of Vitamin ___ , which has a cholesterol-based structure.

D

tumors arise from keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum.

squamous cell carcinoma

A burn that extends partially into the dermis is ____ degree.

2nd

are muscles that raise the pilus to cause "goose bumps".

Arrector pili

The trachea is composed of:

hyaline cartilage

Growth of cartilage that occurs along the edges/surfaces is called:

Appositional growth

The scapulae are part of the ____ skeleton.

Appendicular

Osteocalcin is secreted by:

Osteoblasts

Which part of bone performs hematopoiesis (blood production)?

Red Marrow

Osseous tissue is a form of:

Connective tissue

Flat bones (e.g., cranial bones) assist in hematopoiesis:

True

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates _________ activity.

Osteoclasts

are collagenous fibers that extend for the outer layer of the periosteum, through the inner layer, and attach to the surface of a bone.

Sharpey's fibers

In a normal, healthy adult, the body's blood supply is produced in the:

Red bone marrow

Which of the following cells can NOT be derived (directly or indirectly) from osteogenic cells:

osteoclast

Which cell type secretes osteoid:

osteoblast

The _________ is responsible for breaking down bone ECM.

Osteoclasts

The _________ is derived from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs).

Osteoclast

What gives bone its tensile strength:

collagen

Which of the following is NOT part of osteoid:

Calcium

The most abundant protein component in osteoid is

Collagen

Which of the following is the same as "hydroxyapatites":

Calcium (Ca2+) phosphate crystals

Another name for an osteon is a(n):

Haversian system

The clavicles and many of the flat bones of the skull develop through the process of:

Intramembranous ossification

Bone growth that occurs under hyaline cartilage of articular surfaces and the epiphyseal line is:

interstitial growth

In the _________ zone of the epiphyseal plate, chondrocytes undergo mitosis.

Proliferation

When there are low amounts of pressure on a bone, the osteocyte signals to the ____________ to stimulate bone resorption and recycling.

Osteoclast

The ______________ is created by osteoblasts as they perform appositional growth (bone deposition).

Osteoid seam

Which of the following is an enzyme that assists in bone deposition/growth:

Alkaline phosphatase

Low calcium (Ca2+) in the blood triggers _________ hormone release, which stimulates osteoclast activity.

parathyroid

is the first step of bone healing and is characterized by swelling due to ruptured blood vessels.

Hematoma

is rickets in adults.

osteomalacia

is a disease typically affecting the elderly, characterized by brittle bones riddled with small holes/cavities.

osteoporosis

_ is a cause or risk factor for osteoporosis.

Hypocalcemia