APUSH Unit 3 Review

What caused the French and Indian War?

Conflict over the Ohio River Valley between French expansion (forts, Native alliances) and British colonists pushing west.

What did the French build to protect their land claims?

A chain of forts stretching from the St. Lawrence River to the Ohio River Valley.

Who were the French allied with in North America?

Native American tribes who sought to resist British expansion.

Why did the British colonists move into the Ohio River Valley?

Land hunger and westward pressure from the Ohio Company and settlers seeking farmland.

What event officially started the French and Indian War in 1754?

George Washington’s skirmish at Fort Necessity and subsequent surrender.

What was Fort Necessity?

A crude fort built by George Washington where he was forced to surrender to French forces in 1754.

What was the larger global conflict that included the French and Indian War?

The Seven Years’ War.

Which countries were allied with France in the Seven Years’ War?

Austria and Spain.

Which countries were allied with Britain in the Seven Years’ War?

Prussia and Britain.

How did fighting in Europe affect events in North America?

France couldn’t send reinforcements; Britain focused military and naval power on Canada.

What was the Albany Congress?

A 1754 meeting to unite the colonies and secure the Iroquois alliance.

Who was Edward Braddock and what happened to him?

A British general killed in an ambush near Fort Duquesne; his defeat revealed tensions between British officers and colonial militias.

Who was William Pitt?

British leader who changed strategy—used naval blockades and targeted key French cities like Louisbourg, Quebec, and Montreal.

What was the significance of the British capture of Quebec (1759)?

Marked the turning point of the war, leading to French defeat in Canada.

What ended the French and Indian War?

The Treaty of Paris (1763).

What were the terms of the Treaty of Paris (1763)?

Britain gained Canada and land east of the Mississippi River; France lost most of its North American territory.

What were the major effects of the French and Indian War on the colonies?

A sense of unity and pride, but also resentment toward British authority.

How did the war affect British finances?

Britain was left with huge war debt and sought new taxes in the colonies.

What was Pontiac’s Rebellion?

A 1763 Native American uprising against British settlers following the war.

What did Britain issue in response to Pontiac’s Rebellion?

The Proclamation of 1763, forbidding settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains.

What did the Proclamation of 1763 do?

Banned colonial settlement west of the Appalachians to prevent conflict with Native Americans.

What was the Sugar Act (1764)?

Tax on foreign sugar and luxury goods—first attempt to raise revenue from the colonies.

What was the Quartering Act (1765)?

Required colonists to house and feed British soldiers stationed in the colonies.

What was the Stamp Act (1765)?

Direct tax on printed materials like newspapers, legal documents, and pamphlets.

What was the colonial response to the Stamp Act?

Protests, boycotts, and the Stamp Act Congress asserting “no taxation without representation.”

What did the Declaratory Act (1766) state?

Parliament’s right to tax and make laws for the colonies “in all cases whatsoever.”

What were the Townshend Acts (1767)?

Tariffs on tea, glass, and paper—revenues used to pay colonial officials.

What was a “writ of assistance”?

: A general search warrant allowing British officials to search any property for smuggled goods.

What happened at the Boston Massacre (1770)?

British soldiers fired on a crowd, killing five colonists; used as propaganda against Britain.

What caused the Boston Tea Party (1773)?

The Tea Act, which made British East India Company tea cheaper, angering smugglers and merchants.

What were the Intolerable Acts (1774)?

British laws punishing Massachusetts after the Tea Party—closed Boston Harbor and reduced self-government.

What were Committees of Correspondence?

Colonial groups organized to communicate and encourage rebellion against British policies.

What Enlightenment idea influenced the Revolution?

The Social Contract—government exists by consent of the governed.

What is Deism?

Belief that God created the world but doesn’t intervene in daily life; humans have free will.

What is Rationalism?

The belief that reason and logic can explain nature and human society.

What did Thomas Paine’s Common Sense argue?

1776. A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that criticized monarchies and convinced many American colonists of the need to break away from Britain.

what are the 5 key idea from Common Sense.

1. government's purpose is to serve the people, monarchy and hereditary succession are bad ideas

2. America should become an independent nation,

3. a strong, central government is necessary for the new nation,

4. America has a unique opportunity to create a new government based on self-rule

What was the purpose of the First Continental Congress (1774)?

To protest the Intolerable Acts and seek peaceful resolution with Britain.

Who were the “Radical” delegates at the First Continental Congress?

Samuel Adams and Patrick Henry—wanted immediate independence.

What did the Declaration of Rights (1774) express?

Colonists’ loyalty to the king but demand for recognition of their rights.

What were the first battles of the Revolutionary War?

Lexington and Concord (April 1775)—“the shot heard ’round the world.”

What was the Olive Branch Petition (1775)?

Final attempt at peace sent by the Second Continental Congress; rejected by King George III.

What are the three parts of the Declaration of Independence?

1) Natural rights statement, (2) grievances against the king, (3) declaration of independence.

What were five founding ideals listed in the Declaration?

Equality, life/liberty/pursuit of happiness, consent of the governed, right to abolish unjust government, individual sovereignty.

What was the turning point battle of the Revolution?

Saratoga (1777) — convinced France to ally with the Americans.

What ended the Revolutionary War?

Treaty of Paris (1783) — Britain recognized U.S. independence and borders to the Mississippi River.

What were the Articles of Confederation designed to do?

Create a central government and preserve state sovereignty.

What was a key success of the Articles of Confederation?

Northwest Ordinance — organized new territories and banned slavery in the Northwest.

What was a major weakness of the Articles of Confederation?

Congress couldn’t tax or enforce laws; the government was too weak to manage debt or disputes.

What happened at the Battle of Saratoga?

1777. Battle won by the Americans, turning point of the Revolution. It also caught the attention of France and convinced them to aid the Colonists.

What happened at Battle of Yorktown?

Won by Americans with assistance of French help. Although fighting continued, it is considered the last major battle because the British surrendered.

What happened at Lexington and Concord?

1775. British troops coming from Boston in search of weapons stockpiled in Concord. On their way they met the minutemen in Lexington. The first shots of the war were fired. It became known as the "Shot heard around the world."

What was the Tea Act?

1773.

• Made tea from British East India Co less expensive than nonBritish tea (which was technically illegal and smuggled) in order to help the struggling company.

• believed that it would encourage merchants to purchase the British tea.

• colonists were mad because they saw it as an underhanded way to get them to purchase the taxed British tea , so giving in to "Taxation without Representation."

Who was Thomas Jeffferson?

1743-1826) Founding father and primary author of the Declaration of Independence. The 3rd President of the US, a lawyer, farm and slave owner, architect, and inventor.

What was the Albany Plan?

Plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies to defeat France and create trade, military, and other alliances; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown

What was the Braddock Blunder?

Set out in 1755 with 2,000 men to capture Fort Duquesne. His force was slaughtered by the much smaller French and Indian army. The whole frontier from Pennsylvania to North Carolina was left open to attack.

Who was William Pitt?

English statesman who brought the Seven Years' War to an end (1708-1778)

What was the Valley Forge?

Encampment where George Washington's poorly equipped army spent a wretched, freezing winter. Hundreds of men died and more than a thousand deserted. The plight of the starving, shivering soldiers reflected the main weakness of the American army-a lack of stable supplies and munitions.

What were the Minute-Men?

• colonial milita that respond within a minute, fought off British troops that came to boston

What happened at battle of Bunker Hill?

• British force attacked the colonists' position and managed to take the hill, suffering over a thousand casualties.

• Americans claimed a victory of sorts, having succeeded in inflicting heavy losses on the attacking British army.