Nutrition Module 6

teratogens

compounds that increase risk of birth defects

fertilization

day 0; egg/sperm meet to create zygote

blastogenic stage

days 1-14/ weeks 1-2; rapid cell division

embryonic stage

Weeks 2-8; organs system develop

week 5

heart develops

end of first trimter

most organs formed/ fetus can move

fetal stage

weeks 9-40; period of continual growth

1st trimtester

quality > quantity

2nd trimester

physiological changes for mom; baby develops limbs

3rd trimester

critical period of growth; fetus doubles in size

preterm

before 37 weeks

low birth weight

< 5.5 lbs

small for gestational age

small size in relative to gestational age

calorie requirement during pregnancy

50% increase during 1st trimester; 20% increase during 2nd/3rd trimesters

weight gain during pregnancy

25-35 labs

increased protein/ carb needs during pregnancy

25 g proteins; meet energy needs for growth with carbs

vitamins during pregnancy

increased needs; vitamins B, folate (DNA synthesis/ RBC development); add prenatal vitamin

minerals during pregnancy

needs increase; iron, iodide, zinc, calcium (baby will rob Mom); animal products, cereal, iodized salt

fitness during pregnancy

moderate physical activity

balanced diet during pregnancy

all 5 food groups; avoid fish with mercury

physiological anemia

increased blood volume, decerased [RBC]; needs extra iron

gestational diabetes

after 20 weeks; hormones from placenta interferes with insulin; increases risk of developing T2DM; 35+ years/ family hx/ overweight at risk

preeclampsia

then turns into pregnancy induced HTN; edema, protein urine, changes in blood clotting; kidney falure, convulsions, death; add calcium/potassium, limit sodium

pica

abnormal craving for both food/ nonfood items

4-6 months

breast milk is the best option

education for new parents

physicians, lactation consultants

social concerns for breastfeeding

breastfeeding can be done modestly

working while breastfeeding

difficult but breast pumps and schedules can help

physical inability to breastfeed

need to work through

lobules

sac like structures; formed by hormones

prolactin

pituitary gland; produces breastmilk

oxytocin

hypothalamus; simulates lobules, letdown reflex

colostrum

thick/yellow substance; rich in proteins/immune factors

calorie requirement for breastfeeding

1,800 +

hydration requirement for breastfeeding

13 cups of fluid

vitamin needs during breastfeeding

A, E, C, riboflavin

infancy

require more calories than any other time in life

0-36 month growth charts

weight, length, head circumference

2-20 year growth chart

gender, weight, height

AHA/DHA

brain/ eye development

extrusion reflex

tongue thrust; don’t like/ not ready for new food

solid food inroduction

start w/ iron fortified cereal, introduce new foods one at a time

honey

botulism

hard/ round/ sticky foods

choking hazards

excess juice

not enough calcium

cow/goat/unpasteurized milk

no lactase; not safe

2-5 years

growth/ appetite slows

parent’s role

offer variety of foods; be patient

child’s role

how much/what to eat

one bite rule

good to follow

food jag

desire to eat same food/ color

picky eater

1 tablespoon of food/ year of life

always snacking

6 small meals fo nutrient dense foods

no vegetables

eat rainbow

iron deficient anemia

decreased energy; learning disability

constipation

increase fibers/ fluids

cavities

baby bottle mouth syndrome

school age/ pre-teens

child is becoming independent

concerns for school age/ pre-teens

lack of meal times, increased consumption excess sugar/fats, increased incidence of overweight/obesity, early onset CVD/T2DM

teen years

rapid growth/ increased appetite

concerns for teen years

temptation, peer pressure, exertion of independence

young adulthood

19-30/ 31-50 years

middle adulthood

51-70 years

older adulthood

70+ years

aging

physiological/physical changes

usual aging

expected progression w/ lifestyle

successful aging

smart choices that prevent aging

compression of morbidity

heredity, lifestyle, environment

sarcopenia

loss of lean msucle due to decreased BMR

sarcopenic obesity

increased fat due to loss

guidelines for adulthood

decrease quantity/ increase quality

DASH diet

prevent HTN; fruit, vegetables, whole grains

hydration

loss of thirst sensation

skeletal system changes

still need adequate calcium/ vitamin D

digestive changes

lactose intolerance, constipation, changes in gallbladder, liver, pancreas

chronic disease

malnutrition/ altered nutrient utilization; 65+ years/ institutional setting

medications

can affect digestion/ nutrient absorption

social isolation

poor intake of nutrients

depression

poor appetite, weight loss, malnutrition

Alzheimer’s

confusion

economic factors

food insecurity

DETERMINE screening

disease, eating poorly, tooth loss, economic hardship, reduced social contact, meds, involuntary weight loss, needs assistance, elderely

USDA guidelines

increase nutrient density, adequate fluids/ fiber, lean meats, multivitamin/minerals, modified physical activity

failure to thrive

< 2 years old, poor growth