Organic quick revision

What types of catalysts can be used in hydrogenation reactions?

Nickel (Ni), Palladium (Pd), or Platinum (Pt).

What reaction converts alkynes to alkenes?

Hydrogenation with H2 and a catalyst.

What reagent is used in the Wurtz Reaction?

Sodium (Na) in dry ether.

What is Corey House Synthesis used for?

Formation of symmetrical alkenes from alkyl halides.

What is the major product of the reaction of alkyl halides with sodium in dry ether?

Symmetrical alkanes.

What process uses KMnO4 in controlled oxidation of alkanes?

Oxidation of tertiary hydrogens.

What happens during the reaction involving Hg(OAc)2 in water?

Oxymercuration followed by demercuration produces an alcohol.

What is the primary outcome of hydroboration oxidation of alkenes?

Alkanes yield alcohol, and alkynes yield aldehydes or ketones.

What is the action of lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4)?

Reductive agent for converting carbonyls to alcohols.

What is a characteristic of anti-Markovnikov addition?

The hydrogen adds to the less substituted carbon in double bond addition.

Describe the use of ozonolysis in organic reactions.

It is used for oxidative cleavage of alkenes to form carbonyl compounds.

What is the result of the reaction involving NaBH4?

It reduces aldehydes and ketones to alcohols.

What does dehydration of alcohols typically yield?

Alkenes.

What is a possible outcome of radical halogenation of alkenes?

Formation of alkyl halides and potential rearrangements.

What is the expected product when alkenes are subjected to sulphuric acid addition?

Alkyl sulphates follow Markovnikov's rule of addition.

In reactions involving metals and water, what are typically formed?

Hydrocarbons from carbides or alkenes.

What is significant about Friedel-Crafts acylation?

It forms an acylated product from an aromatic compound.

What reduction method is prevented by the presence of acid-sensitive groups?

Kishner reduction.

What does the Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley (MPV) reduction specifically target?

Reduction of ketones or aldehydes to alcohols.

What happens during the formation of hexachlorobenzene?

Chlorination of benzene under specific conditions yields hexachlorobenzene.

What is the function of catalysts in chemical reactions?

Catalysts speed up chemical reactions without being consumed in the process.

Which reaction is characterized by a carbocation forming and undergoing resonance stabilization?

Friedel-Crafts acylation.

What is hydrogenation?

The addition of hydrogen to unsaturated compounds.

What types of compounds are typically hydrogenated?

Alkenes and alkynes.

What is the role of catalysts in hydrogenation?

They facilitate the reaction by lowering the activation energy.

What is a characteristic of Markovnikov's rule?

In the addition of HX to alkenes, the hydrogen atom bonds to the carbon with more hydrogen atoms.

What is ozonolysis commonly used for?

To cleave alkenes and create carbonyl compounds.

What is the outcome when alkenes react with HBr?

Alkyl bromides are formed, following Markovnikov's addition.

What stoichiometric agent is used in reduction through sodium borohydride?

NaBH4 is used for the selective reduction of ketones and aldehydes.

What do alkenes yield when reacted with water in the presence of an acid?

Alcohols via hydration.

What is the outcome of carbocation rearrangement in reactions?

Formation of more stable carbocation intermediates.

What is the purpose of a protecting group in organic synthesis?

To temporarily mask a reactive functional group during a multi-step reaction.

What is a reagent widely used in oxidation reactions of alkenes?

Potassium permanganate (KMnO4).

What type of addition does alkene hydration represent?

Electrophilic addition.

What do alkynes yield when hydroborated and oxidized?

Aldehydes or ketones.

What is the effect of double bond migration in reactions?

It can lead to the formation of different isomers.

What is a common outcome of radical polymerization?

Formation of long-chain polymers from monomers.

What reaction forms alkenes from alkynes?

Dehydrohalogenation.

What is the role of sodium in the Wurtz Reaction?

To couple alkyl halides to form higher alkanes.

What is characteristic of alkene reactivity with strong acids?

It typically leads to carbocation formation.

What does the term 'carbocation' refer to?

A positively charged carbon atom.

What is the stereochemical outcome of anti-Markovnikov addition?

Formation of products with opposite stereochemistry.

What is the function of catalysts in chemical reactions?

Catalysts speed up chemical reactions without being consumed.

What is Friedel-Crafts acylation?

A reaction that forms an acylated product from an aromatic compound.

What is a characteristic of anti-Markovnikov addition?

Hydrogen adds to the less substituted carbon in double bond addition.

What happens during ozonolysis?

It cleaves alkenes to form carbonyl compounds.

What does dehydration of alcohols typically yield?

Alkenes.

What is the impact of acid on alcohol in dehydration?

Acids facilitate the removal of water, resulting in the formation of alkenes.

What reagent is used in the Wurtz Reaction?

Sodium (Na) in dry ether.

What is the primary outcome of hydroboration oxidation of alkenes?

Alkenes yield alcohols, while alkynes yield aldehydes or ketones.

What does a carbocation rearrangement lead to?

Formation of more stable intermediates during reactions.

What is significant about the Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley (MPV) reduction?

It selectively reduces ketones or aldehydes to alcohols.

What is the importance of defining reaction mechanisms in organic chemistry?

Understanding reaction mechanisms helps predict the outcomes of chemical reactions and aids in synthesizing desired compounds.

What is the role of temperature in chemical reactions?

Temperature affects the rate of reactions; typically, higher temperatures increase reaction rates due to more frequent collisions between molecules.

What is a nucleophile?

A nucleophile is a species that donates an electron pair to form a chemical bond.

What defines a good leaving group in substitution reactions?

A good leaving group is typically a weak base, as it can easily depart and stabilize the transition state.

What is the significance of stereochemistry in organic compounds?

Stereochemistry determines the spatial arrangement of atoms, influencing the properties and reactivity of molecules.

What is the role of solvents in chemical reactions?

Solvents can influence reaction rates, mechanisms, and product distributions by stabilizing or destabilizing intermediates.

What is the difference between SN1 and SN2 mechanisms?

SN1 involves a two-step process where the leaving group departs first, while SN2 is a one-step process with a direct attack by the nucleophile.

What is an electrophile?

An electrophile is a species that accepts an electron pair to form a bond, often carrying a positive charge.

What occurs during a reduction reaction?

A reduction reaction involves the gain of electrons or decrease in oxidation state, often transforming a carbonyl into an alcohol.

What is the principle of chromatography in organic analysis?

Chromatography separates components in a mixture based on their different affinities to a stationary phase and a mobile phase.