learning and memory

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94 Terms

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what is learning

a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

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what is memory

an active information processing system that encodes, stores and recovers information

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encoding

conversion of information into a usable form so that it can be neurologically stored in memory

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storage

retention of encoded information over time

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retrieval

recovery of stored information

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which retrieval method is the most sensitive?

relearning/savings method

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recall

involves reproducing information stored in the memory

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free recall

reproducing as much information s possible in no particular order without any cues

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serial recall

reproducing information in the order of which it is learned

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cued recall

involves the use of specific prompts in order to aid retrieval

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relearning

involves learning information again that has been previously learned

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savings score formula

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reconstruction

involves combining stored information with other information to form what is believed to be a more accurate memory

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recognition

involves identifying the original learnt information

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sensory memory

the entry point of memory where new incoming sensory information is stored for a brief period of time

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iconic memory

is used to describe visual sensory memories (brief memory for visual info)

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echoic memory

is used to describe auditory sensory memories (brief memory for auditory info)

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what is the duration of iconic and echoic memories?

iconic- 0.2-0.4 seconds

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echoic- 3-4 seconds

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short term memory

the memory system in which information is stored for a short amount of time

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what is the duration and capacity of STM?

duration- 18-20 seconds

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capacity- 7 +/- 2 items

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chunking in STM

chunking refers to grouping separate bits of information into a larger single unit to increase the capacity of the STM

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elaborative rehersal

the process of linking new information in a meaningful way to other information already in the LTM to increase the duration of the STM

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maintenance rehersal

the rote repetition of information being remembered so it can be maintained in the STM

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long term memory

stores a potentially unlimited amount of information of a long period of time

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explicit memory

involves memories that are conciously retrived

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explicit episodic memory

is the memory of personally experienced events

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explicit semantic memory

is the memory of facts and knowledge about the world

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implicit memory

involves memory that does not require conscious retrieval

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implicit (procedural) memory

is the memory of motor skills and actions previously learned

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implicit classically conditioned memory

conditioned responses to conditioned stimuli

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consolidation

a biological process of making a newly formed memory stable and enduring after learning.

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amygdala role in memory

forms and retrieves implicit emotional memories

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hippocampus role in memory

forms and consolidates explicit memories and encodes short term memories into long term memories by sending them to the cerebral cortex

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cerebral cortex in memory

storage of long term memories

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cerebellum in memory

memory of implicit procedural memories of movement and motor skills

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alzheimers disease

a dementia characterised by the gradual widespread of degeneration of neurons

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plaques

clumps of a protein called beta-amyloid, found in brain tissues surrounding the neurons, they form clumps around neurons and inhibit communication

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neurofibrillary tangles

inhibit transport of essential substances within a neuron

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Korsakoff's syndrome

an alcohol related disorder marked by extreme confusion, memory impairment, and other neurological symptoms

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brain trauma

any brain injury that impairs the normal functioning of the brain, either temporarily or permanently

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neurogenerative disease

a disorder characterised by a progressive decline in the structure, activity and function of brain tissue

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anterograde amnesia

an inability to form new memories of events after brain injury

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retrograde amnesia

a loss of memory for events prior to a brain injury

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serial position effect

our tendency to recall the items at the start and end of a list best

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recency effect

superior recall of items at end of a list

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primacy effect

superior recall for items at beginning of a list

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state dependent cues

retrieval cues related to an individuals internal state at the time when the memory was formed helping to aid retrieval

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context dependent cues

environmental cues in the situation in which the memory was formed and aid to retrieve memories

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eye witness testimony

any firsthand account given by an individual of an event they have seen

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neural plasticity

is the ability of the brains neural structure or function to be changed by an experience

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synaptic plasticity

refers to the change in synapses overtime

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long term potentiation

refers to the long lasting strengthening of synaptic connections, resulting in better synaptic transmission

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long term depression

refers to the long lasting decrease in the strength of synaptic transmission

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neurohormones

chemical messengers that are manufactured by neurons and released by axon terminals

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Role of glutamate in synaptic plasticity

the main excitatory neurotransmitter that enhances transmission allowing for post synaptic neurons more likely to fire

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  • it promotes growth and strengthening of synaptic connections
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interaction between hippocampus and amygdala in memory formation

The hippocampus and amygdala interact in the formation of emotional memories. ie; hippocampus involved

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in the explicit component (when where etc) of the emotional memory. and amygdala remembers the emotional aspect

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role of adrenaline in consolidation of emotionally arousing experiences

adrenalin induces the release of noradrenaline in the amygdala notifying the hippocampus to consolidate and strengthen our memories

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classical conditioning

is a type of learning that occurs through the repeated association of stimuli

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phases of cc

BEFORE

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NS -----

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UCS-------> UCR

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DURING

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NS + UCS ---------> UCR

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AFTER

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CS (NS) ---------> CR (UCR)

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aqquisition

is used to describe the overall process where an organism learns to associate two events

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stimulus generalisation

the tendency for similar stimuli to produce the same (not identical) response

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stimulus discrimination

occurs when an organism only responds to the original stimuli and not to anything similar

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extinction

the gradual decrease in strength or rate of conditioned response when the stimuli is no longer presented

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spontaneous recovery

the reappearance of a conditioned response when the stimuli is presented after a long break and apparent extinction

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operant conditioning

a type of learning where the consequences of behaviour determine the likelihood of that behaviour being repeated

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antecedent

a stimulus that occurred before the behaviour

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behaviour

the actions that occurred due to the antecedent

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consequence

the result of the behaviour

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positive reinforcement

increased behaviour due to a satisfying consequence (add)

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negative reinforcement

increased behaviour due to the removal of an unsatisfying stimulis (take away)

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punishment (positive)

decreased behaviour due to being given an unpleasant consequence

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response cost (negative punishment)

decreased behaviour due to something satisfying/desirable being removed

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observational learning

a process of learning by watching someone and the consequences that results from their actions

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ARRMR

Attention

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Retention

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Reproduction

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Motivation

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Reinforcement

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vicarious conditioning

when an individual watches a model's behaviour being either reinforced or punished, and then subsequently behaves in exactly the same way

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vicarious reinforcement

increases the likelihood of the observer behaving in a similar way to a model whose behaviour is reinforced

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vicarious punishment

occurs when the likelihood of an observer performing a particular behaviour decreases after having seen a model's behaviour being punished

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lock and key model

the model proposes that a neurotransmitter has a unique shape like a key and can only be received by a neurons receptor that has the exact same complimentry shape like a lock

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glutamate

excitatory neurotransmitter that increases the likelihood of firing

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GABA

inhibitory neurotransmitter makes the receiving less likely to fire