TFN(1).

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards covering seminal theorists, schools, and key models that chart the historical evolution of nursing theory from Nightingale’s foundations through the refinement and integration eras of the late 20th century.

Nursing Theory

A formal body of knowledge that organizes concepts and guides nursing practice, research, and education.

Theory–Practice Relationship

The idea that theory informs practice and practice refines theory; summed up by Cross’s quote: “Theory without practice is empty and practice without theory is blind.”

Florence Nightingale

Founder of modern nursing who emphasized environmental factors in patient recovery and advanced statistics in healthcare.

Notes on Nursing (1859)

Nightingale’s seminal work outlining principles of cleanliness, fresh air, light, warmth, and quiet for healing.

Environmental Theory (Nightingale)

Concept that manipulating the environment (sanitation, ventilation, etc.) promotes patient recovery.

Crimean War Contributions

Nightingale’s reforms in British army hospitals that cut mortality by improving sanitation and care.

Coxcomb Chart

Statistical diagram created by Nightingale to display mortality data and advocate for health reforms.

Columbia School (1950s)

Early graduate program at Teachers College that generated the first conceptualizations of nursing science.

Hildegard Peplau

Columbia graduate who developed the Interpersonal Relations Theory focusing on nurse-patient interaction.

Virginia Henderson

Theorist who emphasize the unique function of nursing

Lydia Hall

Developer of the Core, Care, and Cure Model emphasizing patient (core), nurturing (care), and medical treatment (cure).

Faye Abdellah

Introduced patient-centered approaches and a classification of 21 nursing problems.

Dorothy Johnson

Proposed the Behavioral System Model, viewing the person as seven interrelated behavioral subsystems.

Yale School (1960s)

Group of theorists shifting emphasis to the nurse–patient relationship and dynamic clinical processes.

Ida Jean Orlando

Creator of the Deliberative Nursing Process Theory centered on patient behavior and nurse response.

Ernestine Wiedenbach

Authored the Helping Art of Clinical Nursing focusing on purposeful nursing actions to meet patient needs.

Myra Levine

Originator of the Four Conservation Principles aimed at preserving patient energy and integrity.

Era of Expansion (1970s)

Decade marked by proliferation of new, often still-used nursing theories.

Martha rogers

An introduction to the theoretical basis of nursing

Lydia hall

core, care, and cure model

Dorothea Orem

Formulated the Self-Care Deficit Theory .

Betty Neuman

Health care system model

Sister Callista Roy

Created the Adaptation Model

Jean Watson

Advanced the Theory of Human Caring

Paterson and Zderad

Authors of Humanistic Nursing theory

Margaret Newman

Proposed Health as expanding consciousness

Refinement Era (1980s)

Period when existing theories were revised and new models (e.g., transcultural caring) emerged.

Dorothy Johnson

The behavioral system model for nursing

Madeleine Leininger

Caring: A central focus of nursing and Heath career service (1980) transuutural care diversity and universality: A theory of nursing

Unspecified author

Importance, research question,and theoretical consideration

Rosemarie Rizzo Parse

Developed Man-Living-Health (later Human Becoming) theory emphasizing human-universe process.

Helen Erickson, Tomlin, & Swain

Authors who integrated developmental and holistic concepts into Modeling and Role Modeling theory.

Integration & Testing (1990s)

Decade characterized by empirical studies validating and expanding nursing theories.

Boykin & Schoenhofer

Introduced Nursing as Caring, positioning caring as the profession’s moral imperative.

Imogene King

Created the Theory of Goal Attainment and a Systems Framework for understanding nurse–client interactions.

Martha Rogers

Formulated the Science of Unitary Human Beings describing humans and environment as irreducible energy fields.

Madeline eininger

Culture care theory: research and practice

Myra Levine

The conservation principe: A retrospective

Betty Neumann

The neuman systems model

Margaret Newman

Heath as expanding consciousness

Dorothea Orem

Nursing concept of practice

Rosemarie rizzo parse

Human becoming theory

Hildegard peplau

Theory of interpersonal relations

Sister Callisto Roy

Redefining adaptation: future of the Roy model

Jean Watson

The theory of human caring