exam 3 KMS

The flushing action of tears, saliva and urine help to prevent bacterial:  

colonization

Soluble innate and adaptive immune proteins serve to protect our surface tissues (skin/gut/respiratory). Which of the following is an innate immune protein which directly attacks and enzymatically destroys peptidoglycan cell walls?

lysozyme

Which of the following is/are major effect(s) of alpha/beta interferons?   

inhibiting protein synthesis in virus-infected cells

Which of the following is a function of C3b?

pathogen opsonization

What is the molecular pattern generated by replicating viruses which triggers the production and activity of interferon?

dS RNA

An oxygen-dependent mechanism of pathogen killing, used by macrophages and neutrophils: 

all of the above (requires the activation of NADPH-oxidase

 

produces H₂O₂ and O₂-

 

is absent in chronic granulomatous disease

 

is more effective than oxygen-independent methods)

The term _______ is given to any foreign substance that interacts with (stimulates) a specific immune response

antigen

Inflammation can be triggered by a variety of substances. Which of the following triggers would come from activated macrophages at the site of infection?

cytokines

Keratin is an important aspect of non-specific defense because:

it creates a physical barrier against pathogen entry

Which of the following is incorrect about complement?

They only appear in the blood during a response to a pathogen

Which white blood cells comprise 20-30% of the circulating WBC's and are the cells that function in the body's adaptive immune system?

lymphocytes

Innate phagocytic cells of the immune system arise from which lineage in the bone marrow?

myeloid

From the choices below, indicate all those features which are found in macrophages.

intracellular killing requires activation,

tissue-resident in mature form,

capable of presenting antigen to T lymphocytes

Which of the following is a correct statementregarding the cells and molecules reponsible for Innate immunity?

they are important as immunological barriers and in intitial inflammatory responses to an infection

In the blood, the __________ is the most abundant cell and the __________ is the least abundant.

Neutrophil, Basophil

Which of the following is not a target for Cytotoxic (Tc) cells

bacteria

plasma cells

secrete antibodies

Which antibody (immunoglobulin) class is the most abundant in the serum?

IgG

Which complement pathway requires a prior antibodyimmune response to the pathogen

classical

An activated T helper cell produces ____ which is a growth factor for both helper and cytotoxic T cells

interleukin-2

Which of the immune responses (to the same antigen) below has the longest lag period due to the lack of memory cells?

primary

Recognition and destruction of host cells harboring viral pathogens is the primary responsibility of: 
   

CD8 T cells

Which process involves antibodies covering surface receptors on a virus or toxin molecule thereby disrupting their activity?

neutralization

Class 2 MHC genes code for:

proteins which present/display extracellular antigen

Which antibody class is secreted as a dimer to protect mucosal surfaces?

IgA

When a B cell becomes activated, the first antibody type it produces as a plasma cell is:

IgM

Lymphocyte maturation involves:

all of the above (cytokine signals that initiate/direct development

 

B cells maturing in bone marrow sites

 

T cells maturing in the thymus

 

release of mature lymphocytes to begin migration to various lymphoid organs)

During an immune response, the nature of the immunoglobulin produced changes from IgM to IgG, or IgA or IgE. Which of the following statements is correct regarding this change

This change provides the antibody with a new activity appropriate to the nature or location of the pathogen.

The location(s) where T and B cells generate receptor clonal diversity and undergo selection against self-reactivity include:

the bone marrow for B cells and the thymus for T cells

Acellular vaccines and subunit vaccines

contain select antigenic components of a pathogen rather than whole cells or viruses

Resistance to vancomycin (via the Vac genes) occurs the bacterium can now

alter its peptidoglycan tetrapeptide crosslinks

Which of the following drugs is used to treat cases of tuberculosis?

isoniazid

The drug used against intestinal anaerobic bacteria, that can also alter normal flora causing antibiotic-associated colitis is:

clindamycin

The use of a drug to prevent imminent infection is called

prophylaxis

Most antibiotics produced in the 1940s-60s were:

discovered/isolated from bacteria in the soil

Which of the following is not a drug group used to treat fungal infections?

Cephalosporins

Which 2 antibiotics directly affect the synthesis of DNA and RNA in bacteria?

rifampin & quinolones (fluoroquinolone)

Gram negative rods are often treated with

Aminoglycosides

Which of the following is NOT a beta-lactam antibiotic?

vancomycin

What plasmid-encoded protein is produced by some bacteria which confers resistance to penicillins? 

beta-lactamase

Broad-spectrum drugs that disrupt the body's normal flora may lead to 

superinfections (secondary infections) with pathogenic organisms

A ratio of the dose of the drug that is toxic to humans versus the minimum effective dose for that pathogen is assessed to predict the potential for toxic drug reactions. This is called the 

therapeudic index

Of the following prokaryotic components/activites, which have been specificaly discussed as a target for antibiotic action? Check all that apply

peptidoglycan cell wall

nucleotide biosynthesis

protein synthesis (ribosome)

DNA replication

Each of the following target prokaryotic ribosomes except:

polymyxins

Which of the following antibiotic classes include synthetic antibiotics which can inhibit DNA replication?  

fluoroquinolones

Short of incineration, sterilization by dry heat, as compared to moist heat, will require more:

both time and temperature

Salt has been used as a preservative through the production of “salted” fish or pork. Indicate all of the correct (true) statements below regarding high salt environments.

obligate halophilic bacteria require high salt concentrations for growth.

sensitive (non-halophilic) bacteria will lose water (shrink) in hypertonic (high salt) environments..

food spoilage may still occur in highly salted foods

Which of the following is not a heavy metal?

Correct

tincture of iodine

Isopropyl alcohol wiped across a skin is least effective against:

bacterial endospores

All of the following are alkylating control agents except

iodophor

Disinfection of beverages such as apple juice, milk and wine is optimally achieved by 

pasteurization

All the following act as surfactants (damaging to membranes) except

formaldehyde

alcohols

are most effective at protein denaturation and coagulation when used at 70% concentration.

he compound that is an organic base containing chlorine and two phenolic rings and is used increasingly for wound degerming, neonatal washes, hand scrubbing and prepping surgical skin sites is 

chlorhexidine

Each of the following is a target of antimicrobial agents except:

cytoplasm

Which physical control method would not be a suitable choice for killing Mycobacterium in a capped culture tube? 

Ultraviolet (germicidal) light

Which of the following agents would require a stronger disinfectant or more time for disinfection?

Clostridium (bacterial endospores)

Microbial death occurs when there is:

no reproduction

In general, soaps and detergents can be characterized as:

low efficacy, low toxicity

Which of the following does not affect microbial nucleic acids?

moist heat

note: chap 34 is not included because i cannot open it on my phone lol

note