Dicencephalon, brainstem, cranial nerves & spinal cord - application

what are the three divisions of the diencephalon

thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus

what is the thalamus

• paired structure located superior to the brainstem

• acts as a relay for the cerebral cortex

• process and sends info to higher brain structures

what is the interthalamic adhesion

• brand of tissue that connect both portion of the thalamus medially

what is the epithalamus

• posterior/ superior segment of the diencephalon

• contains the pineal gland

• helps with circadian rhythm, produces hormones and helps with hormonal regulation of sleep

what is the hypothalamus

• links the nervous system and the endocrine system via the pituitary gland

what is the function of the midbrain

hearing and vision

what is the function of the pons

control center for respiration

what is the function of the medulla

• forms the inferior portion of the brainstem

• contains sensory and motor tracts (neural pathways) that connect the spinal cord to the brain

which ssytem are cranial nerves apart of

peripheral nervous system

what is the function of sensory cranial nerves

carry sensory information

• olfactory, optic, vestibulocochlear

what is the function of motor cranial nerves

carry motor information

• oculomotor, trochlear, abducens, accessory, hypoglossal

what is the function of mixed cranial nerves

carries both sensory and motor function

• trigmenial, facial, glossopharyngeal

What is the function of CN I / Olfactory nerve

• smell (olfaction)

• Sensory nerve

• branches of CN I pass through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

what is the function of CN II / Optic nerve

• vision (sight)

• sensory nerve passes through the optic canal in the sphenoid bone

• contains the optic chiasm

what is the function of CN III / Oculomotor nerve

• motor

• movement of eyeballs (innervates most extraocular muscles)

• passes through the superior orbital fissure

what is the function of the CN IV / trochlear nerve

• mixed nerve

• movement of eyeballs (innervates one extraocular muscle)

what is the function of the CN V / trigmenial nerve

• both sensory and motor

sensory: innervation of the face

motor: innervation of muscles of mastication

• three nerve branches

what are the three nerve branches of the trigmenial nerve

V1: Opthalmic branch

V2: Maxillary branch

V3: Mandibular branch

Where do V2 and V3 pass through?

V2: Foramen rotundum

V3: Foramen ovale

what is the function of CN VI / Abducens nerve

• movement of eyeballs (innervates one of the extraocular muscle)

• motor

What is the function of the CN VII / facial nerve

• both sensory and motor

sensory: taste anterior 2/3 of tongue

motor: muscles of facial expression

what does CN VII pass through

• stylomastoid foramen

What is the function of CN VIII / vestibulochoclear nerve

• hear and balance/equilibrium

where does CN VIII pass through

• internal acoustic meatus

what is the function of the CN IX / glossopharyngeal nerve

• functions as both sensory and motor

sensory: taste posterior 1/3 of tongue

motor: Swalloing

where does CN IX pass through

Jugular foramen

what is the function of the CN X / vagus nerve

• both sensory and motor

• innervates pharynx (throat) and autonomic regulation of viscera (organs)

what is the function of the CN XI / accessory nerve

• motor nerve

• innervates trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscle

what is the function of the Cn XII / hyopglossal nerve

• motor nerve

• motor innervation of tongue

where does the CN XII pass through

hypoglossal canal

what is the function of the spinal cord

• part of the central nervous system

• functions to transmit motor/ sensory signals between the periphery and brain

where does the spinal cord start?

• extends from the foramen magnum to the lumbar region of the vertebral column

• once medulla passes through the foramen magnum it becomes the spinal cord

what is found within the vertebral column

the vertebral foramen

how many bones are in the vertebral column

26

what is the cauda equina

bundle of spinal nerve endings

what is the filum terminale

extension of the pia mater, attaches spinal cord to coccyx

what is grey matter

• forms the cerebral coretx

• neuronal cell bodies, unmyelinated axons

what is white matter

• deep to the cerebral cortex

• myelinated axons