Chapter 34: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War

Yup

Cordell Hull

Secretary of State under President Franklin D. Roosevelt and founder of the United Nations

Charles Lindbergh

associated with the America First Committee

Francisco Franco

Fascist leader of the Spanish revolution, helped by Hitler and Mussolini

Wendell Wilkie

Republican who ran against FDR in 1940

totalitarianism

Government control over every aspect of public and private life

Neutrality Acts

stipulated that when the president proclaimed the existence of a foreign war certain restrictions would automatically go into effect; no American could legally sail on a belligerent ship, or sell or transport munitions to a belligerent nation, or make loans to a belligerent

Neville Chamberlain

British statesman who as Prime Minister pursued a policy of appeasement toward fascist Germany

lend-lease

allows America to sell, lend, or lease arms or other war supplies to any nation considered "vital to the defense of the U.S." as long as they gave them back after the war; pursued by FDR

appeasement

Satisfying the demands of dissatisfied powers in an effort to maintain peace and stability (in case of WWII toward Germany)

Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act

these reversed the high protective tariffs, amending tariff laws providing that countries established similar laws in return

Spanish Civil War

a conflict in which the Francoists or Nationalists, led by fascist General Francisco Franco, defeated the Republicans or Loyalists of the Second Spanish Republic.

Quarantine speech

FDR's call to isolate aggressors through economic embargoes

America First Committee

Group formed in 1940 by isolationists to block further aid to Britain

Atlantic Charter

1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII amd to work for peace after the war

fascism

A system of government characterized by strict social and economic control and a strong, centralized government usually headed by a dictator

"merchants of death"

Term used by Senator Gerald P. Nye to describe the munitions-makers whom he blamed for forcing the United States into World War 1

"cash-and-carry"

countries such as Britain and France would have to pay for American goods in cash and provide transportation for them. This would keep US ships out of the war zone and eliminate the need for war loans

Nye committee

In 1934 Senator Gerald P. Nye of North Dakota held hearings to investigate the country's involvement on WW1; this committee documented the huge profits that arms factories had made during the war

"phony war"

period of time after the German invasion of Poland that included little military operation in Europe

Nonaggression Pact

1939-Secret agreement between German leader Hitler and Soviet Leader Stalin not to attack one another and to divide Poland

Munich Pact

Signed in 1938 between Great Britain, Germany, and France that gave part of Czechoslovakia to Germany; Chamberlain said it guaranteed "peace in our time"; German appeasement

Tydings-McDuffie Act

stating that the Philippines would receive their independence after 12 years of economic and political tutelage, in 1946.

London Economic Conference

goal to develop a worldwide solution to the Great Depression, wanted a stabilized currency for the revival of world trade, composed of 66 nations

"Colossus of the North"

The name given to America by Latin America; we were seen as the overbearing policeman

Ethiopia

Italy invaded this African country

Johnson Debt-Default Act

prohibited any loans ( including private ones) to any government that had defaulted on its World War I debts to the United States

Panay

American gunboat sunk by Japanese in Chinese waters

Sudentenland

a region of western czechoslovakia in which hitler wanted and soon gained; large German-speaking population

Dunkirk

a city in northern France on the North Sea where in World War II (1940) 330,000 Allied troops had to be evacuated from the beaches at Dunkirk in a desperate retreat under enemy fire

Lebensraum

Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" for the German people

Havana Conference

U.S. warned Germany it could not take over colonies in Americas; Americans called upon Latin American countries to uphold the Monroe Doctrine in response to prevent any fascist countries to make their way across the Atlantic

Battle of Britain

an aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftwaffe (air force), which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance

"Fortress America"

Roosevelt had to decide whether to hunker down in the Western Hemisphere and assume this, or to fight

Destroyer Deal

U.S. agreed to "lend" its older destroyers to Great Britain (50 of them)

Reuben James

U.S. destroyer sunk by German submarines off the coast of Iceland in October 1941, with the loss of over a hundred men