Animal A&P quiz 8 exam 3

which direction do arteries carry blood?

oxygenated blood away from the heart

which direction do veins carry blood?

deoxygenated blood towards the heart

what are capillaries?

the transition between arteries and veins

is the cardiovascular system closed or open

closed

what are the 2 circulations of the system?

pulmonary circulation (controlled by R heart)

systemic circulation (controlled by L heart)

the mediastinum is a continuation of the _____ cavity

pleural

the heart is covered by what?

pericardium

the pericardium has 2 parts:

Fibrous Sac and Serous Pericardium

what are the 3 layers of the heart?

Endocardium (inner- lines blood vessels and heart valves)

myocardium (cardiac muscle)

epicardium (outermost layer and serous pericardium)

what are the 4 chambers of the heart?

two atria and two ventricles

what is the purpose of the atria?

pump blood into the ventricles

each atria is covered by what?

auricles

what is the function of the ventricles?

pump blood into the R and L ventricle

the two ventricles are separated by what?

the interventricular septum

what are the 4 valves in the heart?

1. Right AV valve (Tricuspid)

2. Left AV valve (Mitral)

3. Right Semilunar Valve (Pulmonary)

4. Left Semilunar Valve (Aortic)

What are the AV valves connected by to prevent the valves from opening backwards>

chordae tendinae

What is the purpose of the heart?

To receive deoxygenated blood from the R atrium and send it to the R ventricle to be resupplied with oxygen, then the oxygenated blood is received from the L atrium. Then the L ventricle pumps the oxygenated blood into the body

what is the pacemaker of the heart?

Sinoatrial Node

how do cardiac muscles transmit an impulse from one cell to another?

through intercalated disks

What is the AV node?

located in the intra-atrial septum. The impulse from the SA node reaches the AV node and acts as a delay that conducts electrical signals from the atria and ventricles, ensuring coordinated heartbeats.

What is Bundle of His

Cardiac muscle fibers that transmit the impulse through the IV septum to the apex of the heart

what is the Purkinje fiber system?

Cardiac muscle fibers that transmit the impulse from the apex up to the base of the heart

What is the systole conduction system

period of myocardial contraction, working phase, ejection of blood

What is the diastole conduction system?

Period of myocardial relaxation, resting phase, allows chambers to fill

Ventricular systole is occuring during atrial _____

diastole

What is the ‘Lub” sound in the heart beat

Occurs when tricuspid and mitral valves snap shut

What is the “Dub” sound of the heart beat

Occurs when the pulmonary and Aortic valves snap shut

What is a heart murmer?

an abnormality in blood flow

what is a valvular insufficiency?

valves are leaky and blood back flows into the wrong chamber

what is valvular stenosis?

valves don’t open all the way

Describe the way that blood flows through the heart.

Vena Cava→ Right Atrium→Tricuspid Valve→Right Ventricle→Pulmonary Valve→Pulmonary Artery→Pulmonary Vein→Left Atrium→Mitral Valve→Left Ventricle-Aortic Valve→Aorta

What are the 3 layers to blood vessels?

Inner- endothelium

Middle- smooth muscle or elastic fibers

Outer- connective tissues and collagen

What are the 2 types of arteries

Elastic (ex. aorta)

Muscular (carry blood to specific organs)

What are the smallest branches of the arterial tree?

Arterioles

What is the function of Arterioles?

provides resistance to blood flow which maintains blood pressure

What are capillaries the locations of?

gas, wastes, and nutrient exchange

WHat are 2 examples of pulse points?

facial and femoral artery

what is blood pressure?

the amount of pressure the blood exerts on the arterial walls

what are 4 things that blood pressure depends on?

heart rate, stroke volume, diameter and elasticity of artery, and total blood volume

what is systolic pressure?

produced by ejection of blood from L ventricle

what is diastolic pressure?

The pressure remaining in the artery during diastolic

Electrocardiography

detects the impulse that travels from the SA node through the heart

What is the P wave

-Atrial depolarization

-Corresponds to atrial contraction

What is the QRS complex

-ventricular depolarization

-corresponds to ventricular contraction

What is the T wave

-ventricular repolarization

-corresponds to ventricular relaxation

Echocardiography

ultrasound of heart. useful for evaluating heart chambers, myocardium, and determining source of murmer

Where is venipuncture in dogs and cats

cephalic vein and medial/lateral saphneous

which animals have venipuncture at the jugular vein and what do you have to avoid

large animals

carotid artery

Which animals have venipuncture at the coccygeal vein?

ruminants and rodents