UNIT 3 APUSH

Seven Years’ War (French & Indian War) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• Final of 4 wars fought in between European nations; this one solidified the importance of Europe’s colonies

Beginning (Seven Years War) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• France began to place forts along the Ohio River to stop British colonies from expanding westward; Governor of VA sent troops led by George Washington and later Braddock; war started; English vs French & Natives; French stopped British invasion of Canada under William Pitt btw

Albany Plan of Union (Seven Years War) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• Made by Ben Franklin to unite colonies under one system for taxation, troops, and other war efforts; didn’t catch along b/c each colony wanted to have the taxing power; set precedent for later revolutionary Congresses

Treaty of Paris (Effects of 7 years’ war) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• Britain won; got territories north and south of colonies; certified British supremacy of North America; 

Immediate Effects (Effects of 7 years’ war) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

•  Established Britain as naval superpower; stopped any threat of French or Spanish colonial invasions; changed views between Britain & colonists

British View (Effects of 7 years’ war) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• Low opinion of Colonies; unorganized troops, unwillingness to send troops or pay for war efforts, wouldn’t defend new frontiers well

Colonial View (Effects of 7 years’ war) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• Very proud; confident they could defend themselves; unimpressed w/ British troops and how they fought b/c it didn’t fit w/ American woodlands

End of Salutary Neglect (Shift in British Policy) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• After war, Britain enforced the Navigation Acts and began to assert much more power on the colonies; wanted to expand British troops on frontier; wanted colonists to pay for war 

Pontiac’s Rebellion (Shift in British Policy) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• Chief Pontiac was angered by colonial expansion; began uprising in 1763; England didn’t rely on colonial troops; sent their own troops; first major test of England's new policy

Proclamation of 1763 (Shift in British Policy) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• To end conflicts between colonists and natives while also stabilizing the western frontier, England prohibited westward expansion past the Appalachians; angered colonists but they still expanded out

British Taxes (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• British thought it was justified; Americans believed it was an infringement of liberty & “taxation w/o representation”

Sugar Act (British Taxes) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• Revenue Act); 1764; taxed sugar; stricter enforcement against smuggling

Quartering Act (British Taxes) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• 1765; required colonists to house and feed British troops

Stamp Act (British Taxes) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• Tax on legal documents, newspapers, etc. First direct tax on colonists (import taxes were paid by merchants not ordinary citizens), infuriated colonists

Stamp Act Congress (Stamp Act) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• 9 colonies met under peaceful committee; decided taxation needed to be done by representative; taxation w/ representation

Sons & Daughters of Liberty (Stamp Act) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• Violent group that protested against Stamp Act; harassed tax collectors

Repealment (Stamp Act) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• Protests pressured British Parliament to repeal Stamp Act in 1766; showed protests could work

Declaratory Act (British Taxes) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• Said parliament could tax and make laws for colonies “in all cases whatsoever”, infuriated Colonists

Townshend Acts (2nd Phase of British Taxes) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• Went apeshit and taxed literally everything, tea, glass, & paper. Required raised revenues to go to crowned officials, making those separate from the independent representative assemblies; weakened power of representative assemblies. Allowed for search of private homes where smuggling was suspected. 

Response (Townshend Acts) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• Colonists weren’t super angry at first b/c the taxes were indirect (only affected merchants)

John Dickinson- Letters from a Farmer- (Example of a response to Townshend Acts) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• Argued against taxation w/o representation; caught colonists’ attention

Circular Letter (Example of a response to Townshend Acts) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• James Otis & Samuel Adams passed message to legislatures to petition for the repealment of Townshend; Parliament tried to stop it by enforcing troops in Boston; colonial boycotts on British goods increased

Repealment (Townshend Acts) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• New British Prime Minister argued it was bad for trade; still taxed tea but smaller tax, seemed to alleviate issues

Boston Massacre (2nd Phase of British Taxes) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• Small fight between British troops & colonists; renewed conflicts after brief alleviation; increased Anti-British sentiments 

Boston Tea Party (2nd Phase of British Taxes) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• Boycott of British Tea; dumped it all in the sea; some colonists thought it was justified while others thought it was too radical

Intolerable Acts (2nd Phase of British Taxes) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• Response to Boston Tea Party (Coercive Acts)

Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

Series of Acts; closed Boston port, reduced power of Massachusetts legislature while increasing power of royal governor, allowed for royal officials charged w/ crimes to be tried in England (allowed for corruption and bias), expanded Quartering Act to all colonies

Influence of Enlightenment Ideas (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• John Locke grew popular as did future American leaders, shaping their minds to be more focused on the science of man and individual rights which would translate into the ideas behind America’s Constitution

Intolerable Acts Impact (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• Made some colonists believe the only way left was to sever ties w/ Britain and become independent. Most colonists, however, only wanted to go back to how things w/ Britain were before the 7 Years War

First Continental Congress (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• Intolerable acts drove colonies to send out delegates to Philadelphia except Georgia; focused on colonial resistance to Intolerable Acts using free speech and open debate 

Actions (First Continental Congress) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• Proposed repeal of Intolerable Acts (Suffolk Resolves, passed the Declaration & Resolves urging the King to fix colonial problems while still letting Parliament control commerce, created Continental Association to enforce the economic sanctions of the Suffolk Resolves, and promised that if these were not resolved, Delegates would meet again)

Lexington & Concord (American Revolution) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• Lexington was first battle; British Thomas Gage, Colonial Minutemen (Revere and William Dawes); Concord; first time fought, “the shot heard round the world”

Bunker Hill (American Revolution) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• First major colonial victory; heavy losses on British side

Second Continental Congress (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• Nebraska delegates wanted independence, middle colonies wanted to mend relationships w/ Britain

Olive Branch Petition (Second Continental Congress) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

Colonists pledged loyalty to Britain and asked for Parliamentary protection of colonies; King George didn’t read it and Parliament declared colonies in rebellion; led many Americans to now want independence

Thomas Paine’s Common Sense (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• Pamphlet which argued for independence; appealed to a lot of colonists b/c of its simple language, statistics, and emotional aspects.  Led many Americans to now want independence

Declaration of Independence (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• Drafted by TJ, listed specific grievances against King George; “all men are created equally”

Patriots (Revolutionary War) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• New England & VA; George Washington was big commander

African Americans (Revolutionary War) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• English tried to pay African Americans their freedom to use in the army; Patriots eventually did so too

Tories (Revolutionary War) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• Pro-British Loyalists; NY, NJ, & Georgia had most; fought w/ British

French Alliance (Revolutionary War) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

Basically saved Patriots after many losses

Battle of Saratoga (French Alliance) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• Major American victory; persuaded France to help Patriots; wanted to weaken Britain 

Yorktown (French Alliance) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

Ended Revolutionary War w/ American victory

Treaty of Paris (Revolutionary War) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• (1) Britain recognized America as an independent nation, (2) Mississippi would be western border of America (3) America had the fishing rights on the coast of Canada. (4) Americans would pay debt to British merchants & Tories for land confiscation

New Government (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• Conservatives wanted law & order vs Liberals who wanted to prevent tyranny. Separation of powers in gov (3 branches), basic human rights, voting for all white land-owning men, higher property qualification for officeholders

Articles of Confederation (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• Ratified in 1777; unicameral system (one house; Congress), gave Congress power to wage war, make treaties, send diplomats, and borrow $.

Accomplishments of Articles of Confederation (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• Won the War

• Abolished nobility

• Separation of Church & State- Religious freedom everywhere and no church tax

• Land Ordinance of 1785- Congress established policy for surveying and selling western lands for town-building

• Northwest Ordinance of 1787- Granted limited self-gov and prohibited slavery in area from Ohio River to Great Lakes

Problems (Accomplishments of Articles of Confederation) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

Federal Gov had no power compared to states

Financial (Problems with Articles of Confederation) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• Congress had no taxing power; couldn’t pay back war debt

Shays Rebellion (Problems with Articles of Confederation) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• Daniel Shay and other farmers protested the high state taxes, imprisonment for debt, and lack of paper money in Mass. Federal gov couldn’t enforce anything; made US look weak 

Role of Women (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• Ran farms and businesses of men, nurses, cooks, some even fought (Molly Pitcher); became somewhat more important but were still 2nd class; Abigail Adams was big feminist of the time

US under Articles of Confederation (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• Weak federal gov, troubling foreign views on US, weak economy

Annapolis Convention (US under Articles of Confederation) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• James Madison & Alexander Hamilton convinced delegates further conventions should be held to revise Articles of Confederation

Drafting of Constitution (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• In Phili, all states went except Rhode Island b/c they were afraid of the power larger states might have; small vs large states

Important Figures (Drafting of Constitution) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• George Washington, Ben Franklin, James Madison, Alex. Ham., Gouverneur Morris, John Dickison; all wanted to strengthen nation & federal gov

Representation (Problems with Drafting of Constitution) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• Virginia Plan; Madison; favored large states. New Jersey Plan; small states. Compromise; Connecticut Plan/ Great Compromise-- two houses; House of Representation based on size; Senate equal

Slavery (Problems with Drafting of Constitution) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• Couldn’t ban b/c no Southern support; slave representation; 3/5s Compromise made 3 out of 5 slaves count for representation & taxation; Congress would leave slave trade up to 1808 where it would then be decided

Trade (Problems with Drafting of Constitution) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• North wanted commerce to be controlled by government; South didn’t b/c tariffs; Commerce Compromise made Congress regulate interstate commerce, but no tariffs on exports (imports allowed)

Presidency (Problems with Drafting of Constitution) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• Limited it to 4-year terms; had power to veto acts from Congress; voted in by electoral college

  • Ratified on Sept 17, 1787- started use in May 1790

Federalists (Federalists vs Anti-Federalists) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• George Washington, Ben Franklin, James Madison, John Jay, Alexander Hamilton.; North rich people; supported Constitution

  • Federalist Papers- John Jay; Alex Ham; Madison; argued for Constitution

Anti-Federalists (Federalists vs Anti-Federalists) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• George Mason, some other ppl; small farmers on western frontier; wanted to amend (to add or alter) the Articles of Confederation

Bill of Rights (Anti-Federalist) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• Legacy of Anti-Federalists; addition to protect individual rights for no tyranny; First 10 amendments (freedom of speech, etc.)

Democratic-Republicans (Anti-Federalist) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• Anti-Federalists after Constitution passed (Madison became Dem-Rep)

Washington’s Presidency (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• it was good, setted precedents like cabinet and 2 term limit.

Cabinet (Washington’s Presidency) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• TJ- Secretary of State, Alexander Ham- Treasurer, Henry Knox, & Edmund Randolph

Hamilton’s Financial Program (Washington’s Presidency) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• (1) Pay off national debt at face value (2) Protect nation’s developing industry w/ tariffs & such (3) Create a national bank to stabilize currency & econ 

Opposition (Hamilton’s Financial Program) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• TJ & Anti-Federalists argued bank was unconstitutional; Ham argued “necessary & proper” clause- Congress could do whatever they wanted as long as it benefited society. Loose vs Strict interpretation of Constitution

Proclamation of Neutrality (1793) (Foreign Affairs) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• America would stay uninvolved w/ foreign affairs; specifically, stayed out of French Revolution even though Thomas Jefferson wanted to aid France

Jay Treaty (Foreign Affairs) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• Britain was capturing US ships & putting US navy sailors into British Navy; impressment; John Jay was sent over to negotiate; Britain agreed to get rid of posts on Western frontier; nothing about impressment; unpopular among Americans but kept US neutral

Pinckney Treaty (Foreign Affairs) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• Got new territory in Miss. from Spain 

Treaty of Greenville (National Concerns) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• Opened up land in Ohio; Natives surrendered & gave it up

Whiskey Rebellion (1794) (National Concerns) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• Congress set heavy taxes on whiskey & other products; farmers in Penn protested; George Washington put them down w/ a militia w/ almost no bloodshed spilled; showed how much more powerful Constituition was; most Americans liked; Westerners & Thomas Jefferson did not

Farewell Address (Washington’s Presidency) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• Warned America to not get involved in foreign affairs and make alliances, not to form political parties, and to minimize sectionalism. Also set precedent for a 2-term limit.

XYZ Affair (John Adams’ Presidency) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• French were impressing ships; French ministers requested bribes to even negotiate; enraged Americans; Federalists wanted to go to war; Adams stopped it

Alien & Sedition Acts (John Adams’ Presidency) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• Allowed for deportation of immigrants considered “dangerous” and prohibited news of criticizing president; used mostly to keep Federalists in power 

Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions (John Adams’ Presidency) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• Virginia & Kentucky nullified -- rejected -- the Alien & Sedition Acts b/c it was unconstitutional; secretly written by Dem-Republicans Thomas Jefferson & Madison; all happened before judicial review; Supreme Court decided whether a law was constitutional or not

Election of 1800 (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• Federalists lost popularity b/c of Alien and Sedition acts & taxes. Dem-Rep; Aaron Burr vs Thomas Jefferson; tie; had to go to the House of Representatives; Hamilton helped Thomas Jefferson get in office despite not really liking him; better than Burr

Impact (Election of 1800) (UNIT 3: 1754 - 1800)

• Peaceful transition from Federalists to Dem-Rep; basically unheard of at the time. Jefferson called it the “Revolution of 1800”