Variation Linguistics

lexical sets

set of keywords that contain the same stressed vowel sound and behaves in predictable ways across accents

ENL

English as a Native Language

ESL

English as a Secong Language

EFL

English as a Foreign Language

norm-providing

provide english norms for ESL and EFL varieties

norm-developing

codify their own norms but are not seen as prestigious

New Englishes

belong to second diaspora postcolonial englishes

postcolonial englishes

everything literally postcolonial

norm-dependent

only learn native or prestigious english

exonormative

relies on norms of inner circle

endonormative

provide and accept own norms

complaint culture / tradition

outer circle may not even see their own language variety as prestigious enough

Expanding circle

EFL

Outer circle

ESL

Inner circle

ENL

diglossia

sharp cleavage between 'high' and 'low' languages

NORMs

non-mobile old rural men -> informants on dialectology

isoglosses

boundaries between regional clusters, 'same speech'

dialect boundary

where many isoglosses overlap