APUSH MIDTERM REVIEW

What was the motivation for Spanish Conquistadors who followed Christopher Columbus to America?

God, glory and gold

gold is most important

What was the basis of economic livelihood for each of the 13 Colonies?

SOUTH

Cash crops: tobacco, rice, indigo and cotton

Large plantations dominated the economy, slavery became a necessity

Chesapeake colonies (VA and MD) was known for tobacco

MIDDLE

"breadbasket colonies"

NORTH

Industrialization, lumber, ship building, iron, whale hunting

Exports: fish, whale, furs, syrup and alcohol

Who were indentured servants, what were their roles and usual outcomes?

People who came to america from england in return for 4-7 years of unpaid servitude, worked on farms in poverty and died before they could become free

Bacon's Rebellion? Significance?

National Bacon led colonists and indentured servants in rebellion against the virgina govt when they denied to protect colonists from Indians.

Led to decrease in indentured servants and increase in slavery

Albany Congress? Albany Plan of Union? Significance?

- Reps from colonies met to unite and defend against France

- Created by Benjamin Franklin, colonists unite during the French Indian War and debating forming a central government. "JOIN OR DIE"

- Colonies start to be independent, "join or die" is used again in the American Revolution

Characteristics of the Pennsylvania colony

Given to William Penn by the King as a payment

Quakers (society of friends) were a religious group who practiced worship w/o a minister

Peace with natives, against war, religious refuge, rejected slavery, women were more equal to men, MOST DEMOCRATIC COLONY

What role did Salutary Neglect have on the colonies?

It was a loose supervision on the colonies that lasted around 75 years. The colonies gain a form of independence; they are not used to Britain not being around, and now that they are they don't want to be told what to do anymore.

Characteristics of the Maryland Colony

George Calvert, aka Lord Baltimore, set up a proprietary colony

Established as a safe haven for English catholics but they were soon outnumbered by protestants

Maryland Tolerance Act: guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians

Purpose of the original Navigation Acts?

Colonies were only allowed to trade with England, restricted on colonial business

Prior to revolution, what was the colonists greatest means of protest?

Boycotting taxes

What was the Columbian Exchange?

Trade of plants, animals, culture, human populations, IDEAS and DISEASE between the Americas (New World) and the (Old World) in the 15th and 16th century

What was and the impact of the Great Awakening?

A revival of the Puritan faith, sermons were given to thousands at once

Jonathan Edwards said to fear the wrath of God while George Whitefield preached love and forgiveness

IMPACT: Got people back in church and refocused on religion, created new religious denominations and lead to missionary work

gave power to question Church Authority

Purpose for the founding of the Jamestown colony?

Propriety and profit AKA Joint stock and company with King approval (find gold but none was there)

Describe John Locke's Natural Rights and their importance?

Every person has the right to life liberty and property

He said a social contract exists between a government and its people to protect rights

Influenced American Revolution and founding principles of government

Triangular Trade? Middle Passage?

Trade between europe, africa and americas

Slaves to america, sugar to Europe and rum & to Africa

Voyage from Africa to America for slaves through the triangular trade

Characteristics of the Massachusetts Bay colony

Founded by Puritans in 1630 with John Winthrop as their leader

"City on a Hill"

Connected church and state

Put good of community above individual

Strict adherence to Puritan rules: Little relations with Indians, not much desire to convert

VERY EDUCATED

Why the French and Indian War started?

England wanted to expand and already was not on good relations with France

France starts building forts near Virginia border so George Washington leads militia to battle against the French

Territory disputes over Canada and Ohio River Valley

Name of battle that marked the end of the Revolution? Why did the British surrender?

Battle of Yorktown

British surrendered because Americans were winning and wanted it more, also had France

France was fighting British through the navy and the British home front

Significance of Shay's Rebellion?

Showed weakness of Articles of Confederation (no army to subdue the rebellion)

Stamp Act?

Direct tax that required a stamp on all legal documents, newspaper, licenses and cards. Affected rich and poor

Quartering Act?

Colonists must provide housing to British soldiers at anytime

Townshend Acts?

New tax plan proposed by Charles Townshend placed on imports such as tea, glass, paper and paint

Purpose of the 1st and 2nd Continental Congress?

1st: Response to the Intolerable/ Coercive Acts, letter to the King but he ignores

2nd: sent Olive Branch Petition, then adopted the Declaration of Independence

Significance of Abigail Adams on John Adams

Pushed for women's rights

If John Adams had wrote the Declaration of Independence she would have had him put "men and WOMEN are created equal"

Reason for "no taxation without representation" and Parliament's response to it

James Otis starts saying this phrase and it spreads due to outrage over the Sugar Act

Parliament said that colonists had VIRTUAL REPRESENTATION

Main reason for France giving support to the American colonists during the war?

Enemies of British and wanted to regain territory they lost in the Americas

Purpose of Thomas Paine's Common Sense?

Convince colonists to fight for independence from the British and it was "common sense" to do so

Significance of the Battle of Saratoga?

"Turning Point of War"

American victory convinced France and Spain to join their side of the war

Describe what happened at the Boston Massacre

(March 1770) Colonists were protesting and British troops accidentally fire on the crown, killing five. (Crispus Attucks was the first casualty of the war) John Adams was forced to serve as the attorney for the soldiers who were found not guilty by a British judge. This was used for propaganda on both sides.

Historical significance of Lexington and Concord?

No more negotiations between the King and Colonies

"The British are coming"

(Shot heard around the world)

New Jersey Plan

William Patterson- FAVORS SMALL STATES- EQUAL REPRESENTATION

- government based on keeping the major features of the Art. of Conf. (a unicameral legislature, with one vote for each state)

- Congress, however, would be strengthened by giving it the power to impose taxes and regulate trade

Virginia Plan

- a strong national legislatures with 2 chambers: the lower one to be chosen by the people and the upper chamber to be chosen by the lower. The legislature would have the power to bar any state laws if found unconstitutional.

- a strong national executive to be chosen by the national legislature

- a national judiciary to be appointed by the legislature

Great Compromise?

Senate: based on equal representation (NJ)

House: based on population (VA)

Characteristics of Federalist Party and Democratic-Republican Party?

Federalist: rich, educated, manufacturing, loose interpretation of Constitution, Pro- British

Democratic: poor & uneducated farmers, strict interpretation of Constitution, Pro- French

Why was Thomas Jefferson hesitant to make the Louisiana Purchase?

Went against his beliefs of strict interpretation of the Constitution

List weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

NO POWER TO TAX

Couldn't raise an army

Weak central government

Name and describe the first use of foreign policy created by the United States

Monroe Doctrine: told Europe to not colonize in the Americas and if they did America would protect it

Purpose and significance of the Whiskey Rebellion

Special Excise tax by Hamilton on whiskey that hurt the farmers and farmers rebelled

GW leads an army to stop rebellion

-Proves the Constitution is working

Significance of Noah Webster

created the Dictionary and americanized the english language

Economic results of the Embargo Act of 1807

Jefferson stopped all trade with British and French

Hurt the US economy more

Pinckney's Treaty?

Before Louisiana Purchase

Allows US access to Mississippi River and Port of New Orleans

Main result of the majority of John Marshall's Supreme Court cases?

Strengthened the federal government over state

Describe the 'Era of Good Feelings' and its purpose

James Monroe is the President

Dominant party was the Democratic Republicans - Political Harmony

Describe the Land Ordinances of 1785 and 1787

85': divided up the land

87': Sets up rules for becoming states, 60k population to be a state, banned slavery

Powers given to the federal government by the Constitution that fixed issues of the Articles of Confederation?

The US constitution is the supreme law of the land

Congress can raise an army and tax

Executive and Judicial branch

Significance of Marbury v Madison?

Establishes Judicial Review

"Revolution of 1800"?

Election was between two different parties (Adams V Jefferson)

First peaceful transfer from one political party to another

Characteristics of Alexander Hamilton's Report on Public Credit?

Take all State Debt and make it National Debt

Pay off the National Debt and establish Credit

Purpose of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions?

Increase state rights

(state legislatures deemed Adam's Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional)

Purpose of the Lewis and Clark expedition?

Find new resources, animals, plants and pathways, track indian tribes.

Name of political party formed out of distaste for Andrew Jackson and his policies? Leaders of the new political party formed?

- Whigs

- Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams

Explain the characteristics of the Corrupt Bargain

JQ Adams v Jackson (1824) election ended without any candidate receiving a majority in the electoral college

Henry Clay gets the house to vote for Adams, and Clay is made his Secretary of State

Characteristics of Henry Clay's American System

2nd National Bank of US

Tariffs on Non-American made products

Increased Transportation (railroads)

What is a political machine? Who started using this first?

-Corrupt Organization to get anyone to vote for them

-Martin van Buren

Purpose of Andrew Jackson vetoing the 2nd Bank of the United States?

Bank was a tool for the rich

Trail of Tears? What legislation was passed that led to the Trail of Tears?

Forced migration of Cherokee to Oklahoma

Indian Removal Act of 1830

Worcester v Georgia?

Supreme Court approves the Cherokee as an independent nation

Jackson disregards it

Characteristics of Andrew Jackson's political platform?

Common man

Anti bank & rich

Why was there a record voter turnout in the 1828 Presidential election?

Land owning requirement is gone

What were the "Pet Banks" created after Jackson's ending of the 2nd Bank of the United States? What did those "Pet Banks" lead to in the future?

-Jackson closed the 2nd bank and gave money to certain state banks

-Led to Panic of 1837

South Carolina Exposition and Protest? Purpose and significance?

Led by John Calhoun and called for nullification- state right increase

Describe and explain the Southern social hierarchy of the 19th century

Planters- own 20+

Small Farmers- 5-10

Poor Farmers- no slaves

Slaves- workforce

William Lloyd Garrison? Beliefs and characteristics?

Started abolitionist movement

Criticized constitution

Immediate end of slavery

The Liberator

Frederick Douglass? Significance

Former slave

Wrote the North Star

Gave advice to Pres Lincoln

Grimke Sisters?

Increase women's movement

Used religion as base argument

Talked to an all male congress in Tennessee and were banned from the South

Transcendentalism?

Living life through nature, believe in God but not in organized churches

Significant works and purposes of Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau?

Transcendentalism

Thoreau:

Walden

"Civil Disobedience"

Characteristics of the 2nd Great Awakening? Major leaders?

Religious revival

Increase in baptist and methodist denominations

Ethical behavior and Temperance Movement

-Lymann Beecher

Purpose of Temperance Movement?

Anti Alcohol

Significance of Horace Mann?

Father of Education: Math, English, Social Studies, Science

Purpose of the Seneca Falls Convention? Leaders?

First Women's rights convention in the US

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Susan B Anthony

Purpose and meaning of 'Manifest Destiny'?

God's given right to go from East to West

Meaning behind "Fifty-four forty or fight!"?

-Democratic Party asserted that the United States could claim all territory in the Oregon Country north to the 54-40 line, or parallel. The British disputed claims north of the 42nd parallel

James K Polk party slogan

Most commonly used transportation path in the 1840s to 1870s? Characteristics of this path?

Oregon Trail

Reasons for the Mexican-American War? "Bloodspot Resolution"?

We want their land

President James K. Polk to provide Congress with the exact location (the "spot") upon which blood was spilt on American soil, as Polk had claimed in 1846 when asking Congress to declare war on Mexico

Reasons for debate to annex Texas into the United States after its independence from Mexico?

Takes 9 years to annex Texas because of Slavery issues

James K. Polk's desire to go to war with Mexico?

To fulfill Manifest Destiny

Significance of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and the Gadsden Purchase?

-Ends War with Mexico

-Create continental USA and finish transcontinental railroad

Lands gained by Mexican cession?

7 states:

New Mexico, California, Wyoming, Arizona, Utah, Colorado, Nevada

Characteristics of the "Big Ditch"?

Erie Canal - Great Lakes to Atlantic

363 miles

Man Made

How and why did slavery spread westward during this era?

Cotton production spread

What the most significant critical issue facing political parties in the late 1840s?

Slavery- increase the debate on slavery world level

Historical Significance and purpose of Uncle Tom's Cabin?

Show how wrong slavery wrote by a women , everyone read it

Party platform of the Republicans in the 1850s?

Stop spread of slavery

"Positive Good" theory towards slavery by pro slavery politicians?

Good for the slaves bc they are being taken care of and have no special skills

Boosted the economy

Wilmot Proviso?

No slavery in new territories acquired in Mexican War - FAILS

Ostend Manifesto?

Buy Cuba to extend slavery- FAILS

Reasons why many slaves were reluctant to escape or rebel against owners?

Whipped, sold off, separation of family

Characteristics of the Compromise of 1850?

California is a free state

New Fugitive Slave Law is enforced

Popular Sovereignty is used to determine slavery in new states

Slave Trade is banned in DC

Result of Nat Turner's rebellion in 1831?

Black codes are increased

Kansas-Nebraska Act purpose?

Divides Indian territory into two states

-1854; popular sovereignty passed as a law in 1850

-repeals the Missouri Compromise

Kansas-Nebraska Act significance?

Bleeding Kansas

- slavery and abolitionist forces resort to violence

- fight in the US Senate (Preston Brooks v Charles Sumner)

Crittenden Compromise?

Proposed amendment to keep slavery in states that it was already in - FAILS

As result of the war, the 13th Amendment was passed. Detailed purpose?

- abolished slavery at the end of the Civil War before the Southern states had been readmitted into the Union

Total War?

all-out war that requires all resources and affects civilians at home as well as soldiers in combat

Purpose of 14th and 15th Amendments passed after the war?

14th

- blacks are granted citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws

15th

- grants male citizens of all races the right to vote

Habeas Corpus? Why did Abraham Lincoln suspend it?

-In law, a judicial order requiring that a prisoner be brought before a court at a specified time and place in order to determine the legality of the imprisonment

-During the Civil War, Lincoln suspended habeas corpus to stop protests against the draft and other anti-Union activities

Results and significance of Battle of Antietam and Gettysburg?

- as a result of the Battle of Antietam, Lincoln was confident enough to give the Emancipation Proclamation. Which was a declaration that freed all slaves in Confederate states

-Union victory that stopped Confederate General Robert E. Lee second invasion of the North. Bloodiest battle of the Civil War

Emancipation Proclamation?

executive order that freed all slaves in Confederate territories

-did not free the border states but it gave the North a new reason to fight

-inspired Southern slaves to escape which forced Southern whites to worry about their farms

Abraham Lincoln's opinion of Southern secession?

- Lincoln refused to accept the secession and wanted to "preserve the Union"