Cell Theory, Structure, and Function Flashcards

Fill-in-the-blank practice flashcards covering cell theory, organelle functions, membrane transport, and cytoskeleton components from lecture notes.

Light microscopes allow biologists to view eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells sized __________ and bacteria sized __________.

$10\text{ to }100\,\mu m$; $1\text{ to }10\,\mu m$

In 1838, __________ hypothesized that cells are living entities and plants are aggregates of cells.

Matthias Schleiden

In 1839, __________ extended the cell hypothesis to animal cells.

Theodor Schwann

The principle of omnis cellula e cellula proposed by __________ states that every cell originates from another cell.

Rudolf Virchow

Pasteur used __________ flasks containing boiled broth to test whether microorganisms spontaneously arose.

swan-neck

Small, circular pieces of DNA found in prokaryotes that may contain antibiotic resistance genes are called __________.

plasmids

The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology states that DNA stores genetic information, RNA is transcribed from DNA, and proteins are __________ from RNA.

translated

The specific site inside the nucleus where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized is the __________.

nucleolus

Smooth ER is responsible for lipid synthesis, drug detoxification, and storing __________ ions in muscle cells.

calcium

The Golgi apparatus consists of flattened membranous sacs called __________ and has distinct cis and trans faces.

cisternae

Familial hypercholesterolemia results from a defective __________ receptor.

LDL

Lysosomes are membranous sacs of __________ enzymes that digest macromolecules in an acidic environment.

hydrolytic

Freshwater protists use __________ vacuoles to pump excess water out of the cell.

contractile

The inner membrane of mitochondria features folds called __________ that enclose the mitochondrial matrix.

cristae

Chloroplasts contain membranous sacs called thylakoids that are stacked into __________.

grana

Peroxisomes are single-membrane metabolic compartments that produce hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$).

hydrogen peroxide

Channels between adjacent plant cells that provide a symplastic pathway to share water are called __________.

plasmodesmata

A centrosome contains a pair of centrioles, each composed of nine triplets of __________ arranged in a ring.

microtubules

Microfilaments consist of two intertwined strands of __________ and are involved in muscle contraction and cytoplasmic streaming.

actin

Defective cytoskeleton elements can lead to increased cholesterol levels by interfering with __________ endocytosis.

receptor-mediated