Kines exam 2 L08 Digestive System

digestive system function

prepare food for intake by the body both mechanically and chemically

mechanical digestion

begins in the mouth by chewing food, swallowing it, and then moving it through the GI tract through a process called peristalsis

chemical digestion

digestive enzymes, salivary amylase and hydrochloric acid, are released by the digestive system to break down food into smaller parts

alimentary canal

another term for the digestive tract; one long tube that starts t the mouth and ends in the anus

peristalsis

the wavelike contractions of the GI organ walls to move food through it

what are the three accessory organs

liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

where are the liver and gall bladder found

right upper quadrant and right hypochondriac region

where is the pancreas found

epigastric region behind the stomach

salivary glands

in the oral cavity; moisten food to aid in digestion

parotid salivary gland

in front of your ear under the zygomatic bone

submandibular salivary gland

under the mandible

sublingual salivary gland

under the tongue

palate

the hard bone anteriorly the soft tissue posteriorly that make up the roof of the mouth

uvula

the punching-bag like structure in the back of the throat that helps with speech production

mastication

mechanically chewing food to break it down into smaller pieces; saliva will moisten food to make it easier

which sphincter is located between the esophagus and the stomach

lower esophageal sphincter

sphincter

a muscle that’s radial shaped and when it contracts it allows food to move from one area to the next

what are the stomach acids and enzymes that are released to help break down food

hydrochloric acid and pepsin

which sphincter is located between the stomach and small intestine

pyloric sphincter

cecum

the first part of the large intestine that receives the food and digestive products

liver

helps break down fat by secreting bile into the small intestine to aid in the digestion process

gallbladder

helps break down fat by secreting bile that is stored in the gallbladder to aid in the digestion process

pancreas

helps neutralize the acidity of the stomach by secreting digestive enzymes into the duodenum (bicarbonate neutralizes acids)

common bile duct

common hepatic duct, cystic duct, and pancreatic duct make up the common bile duct

what does the root “oro” mean

mouth

what does the root “stomo” mean

mouth

what does the root “gnatho” mean

jaw

what does the root “labio” mean

lip

what does the root “bucco” mean

cheek

what does the root “dento” mean

tooth

what does the root “odonto” mean

tooth

what does the root “gingivo” mean

gum

what does the root “linguo” mean

tongue

what does the root “glosso” mean

tongue

what does the root “sialo” mean

saliva or salivary gland

what does the root “palato” mean

palate

what does the root “uvulo” mean

uvula

what does the root “esophago” mean

esophagus

what does the root ”gastro” mean

stomach

what does the root “pyloro” mean

pylorus

what does the root “entero” mean

intestines

what does the root “duodeno” mean

duodenum

what does the root “jejuno” mean

jejunum

what does the root “ileo” mean

ileum

what does the root “ceco” mean

cecum

what does the root “colo” mean

colon

what does the root “sigmoido” mean

sigmoid colon

what does the root “recto” mean

rectum

what does the root “procto” mean

rectum

what does the root “ano” mean

anus

what does the root “hepato” mean

liver

what does the root “bili” mean

bile

what does the root “chole” mean

bile, gall

what does the root “cholecysto” mean

gallbladder

what does the root “cholangio” mean

bile duct

what does the root “choledocho” mean

common bile duct

what does the root “pancreato” mean

pancreas

gingivitis

inflammation or infection of the gums

periodontitis

an inflammation or infection of the ligaments and soft tissue that hold teeth in place

dental caries

cavity

gastroenteritis

inflammation of the stomach and intestines (stomach bug)

what are the three most common fatal infections

typhoid, cholera, dysentery

appendicitis

inflammation of the appendix

what are the signs and symptoms of appendicitis

CBC with an elevated white blood cell count and fever

McBurney’s Point

an area that is tender in patients with appendicitis

what is the most common treatment for appendicitis

appendectomy a surgical removal

ulcers

most commonly caused by the increased acidity in the GI tract as well as a normal bacteria that we have called H. Pylori

signs and symptoms of an ulcer

lesion of the skin or mucous membrane caused by gastric or peptic juices

how are ulcers diagnosed

endoscopy

where are ulcers most often found

duodenum

barium study

how ulcers may be diagnosed; starts with a barium swallow, wait an 30-35 minutes, then have an x-ray

colorectal cancers

cancers in the GI systems

signs and symptoms of colorectal cancer

growth called a polyp, occult blood

diagnosis of colorectal cancer

endoscope or endoscopy

oral cancer

cancers on the tongue, inside the mouth, the palate, inside your cheeks, or down into your throat

leukoplakia

dark white patches that indicate oral cancer

ostomy

an opening

hernia

a type of obstruction where the intestines get pinched or blocked somewhere in the intestinal tract

pyloric stenosis

when the opening of the pyloric sphincter is narrower than it should be

intussusception

where one part of the intestine slides down into the next part and causes a blockage of volvulus

volvulus

an obstruction in which there is twisting of the intestines on themselves preventing the flow of blood

ileus

a mechanical bloackage in the intestines

hemorrhoids

varicose veins in the rectum that block the anal opening

inguinal hernia

when the intestines obstruct the inguinal ligament into the scrotum, typically occurs in males

hiatal hernias

when the upper part of the intestine, usually the duodenum, herniates through the diaphragm, most common in females

umbilical hernia

when the intestines poke through the umbilicus or belly button

femoral hernia

where the intestines become obstructed in the femoral triangle in the groin

gastroesophageal reflux disease

weakening of the cardiac sphincter, every time someone eats food the sphincter allows acid back up through the GI tract

signs and symptoms of GERD

regurgitation of HCl acid causes “heartburn” sensation; occurs after meals, lying down, or in obese or pregnant woman

diagnosis of GERD

endoscopy, x-ray, barium contract test of the esophagus, esophageal acid probe test

barrett syndrome

when the lining of the esophagus develops scar tissue; it can spasm and cause strictures, making it difficult to eat and swallow

crohn’s disease

chronic inflammation of the wall of the ileum and upper parts of the colon

ulcerative colitis

similar to chron’s disease except it is more prominent in men and commonly lower in proximity to the rectum

celiac disease

allergy to gluten, inability to absorb gluten

diverticulitis/diverticulosis

when bacteria gets into diverticula, causing fistulas, the abscesses, pain, and bleeding

hepatitis

liver inflammation

Hep A and Hep E

transmitted through the oral-fecal route

Hep B, Hep C, and Hep D symptoms

fever, swelling, pain, jaundice

cirrhosis

chronic inflammation of the liver, edema, and jaundice; can cause an enlarged spleen

splenomegaly

enlarged spleen