C1 - Particles

What are the 3 states of matter

Solid, liquid and gas

What is Particle Theory

• Helps explain physical properties of a substance by explaining arrangement and movement of particles

In a solid how close are the particles

Very closely packed

In a solid how are the particles arranged

Regular arrangement

In a solid what are the forces between particles

Strong forces of attractions between particles

In a solid what is the movement of particles

Vibrate around a fixed position

In a solid what is the energy of the particles

Low energy

In a liquid how close are the particles

Closely packed

In a liquid what is the arrangement of particles

Random Arrangement

In a liquid what are the forces between particles

Weaker forces of attraction between particles

In a liquid what is the movement of particles

Move around each other

In a liquid what energy do particles have

Medium Energy

In a gas how close are the particles

Far apart

In a gas what is the arrangement of particles

Random arrangement

In a gas what are the forces between particles

Weak (almost no) forces of attraction between particles

In a gas what is the movement of particles

Move quickly in all directions

In a gas what is the energy of particles

High energy

What is a physical change

No new substances made and change is often easily reversed

What happens to particles during a physical change

During heating, particles gain energy which is used to overcome forces of attraction between particles

What is a chemical change

Involves a chemical reaction in which new substances are made and change is often not easily reversed

What happens to particles in a chemical change

Particles break up, are rearranged and join together in a different way

What is the equation for the ratio of distance to diameter

Ratio of distance to diameter = distance between atoms / diameter of atom

There are {{c1::electrostatic forces of attraction}} between positive and negative charges

What happens to electrostatic forces of attraction as particles get further apart

Forces get weaker

What are the limitations of the particle model

It doesn't take into account: - Forces between particles - Size of particles - Space between particles

What is the relative mass of a proton

1

What is the relative charge of a proton

+1

Where is the proton found

Nucleus

What is the relative mass of a neutron

1

What is the relative charge of a neutron

0

Where is the neutron found

Nucleus

What is the reletive mass of an electron

0.0005

What is the relative charge of an electron

-1

Where is the electron found

Shells

Why are atoms neutral

Number of protons and electrons is the same

What is bond length

Distance between centres of two joined atoms

What is atomic number

Number of protons in nucleus

What is mass number

Total number of protons and neutron in nucleus

What is an isotope

Atoms of same element but different mass numbers Atoms with same amount of protons but different amount of neutrons

What is the maximum amount of electons in 1st shell

2

What is maximum amount of electrons in second shell

8

What is maximum electrons in third shell

8

How many electrons does the 4th shell hold

Next 2 electrons

What is an ion

Particles with different number of protons and electrons