Exam 1 Patho Vocab

Apoptosis

programmed cellular death; when cell is used to capability

Atrophy

decrease in cell size (biceps / menopause / brain)

Dysplasia

aka deranged growth of cells; can be precancerous; atypical hyperplasia

Free radicals

unstable molecules with an unpaired electron making them highly reactive; try to “steal electrons” from nearby molecules damaging proteins, lipids, and DNA

Hypertrophy

increase in cell size (think <3)

Hyperplasia

increase in cell number (scar tissue / prostate gland)

Metaplasia

reversible replacement of one mature cell by a less mature cell (GEI, Barrets)

Necrosis

irreversible cellular injury/death, including cellular autodigestion (autolysis)

Bradykinin

IMPORTANT IN KININ SYSTEM; causes dilation of blood vessels + pain

Clotting system

stops bleeding, localizes microorganisms, provides a meshwork for repair/healing

Complement system

1st step in plasma protein synthesis; can destroy pathogens directly

Cytokines

increase blood flow to wound/bring needed cells + proteins to area of injury.

Diapedesis

When cells emigrate through endothelial junctions

Exudate

helps dilute + wash away harmful substances (such as toxins, microbial pathogens) from affected areas

Fibroblasts

secrete collagen, required for wound healing

Granuloma

chronic infection; immune cells clump together + form tiny nodules

Histamine

contributes to inflammatory response by interacting with H1 receptors (proinflammatory)

Inflammation

divides into two phases; acute inflammation + chronic inflammation

• Acute: self-limited, continues only until threat to body is eliminated

• Chronic: may develop + persist for weeks/months

Kinin system

3rd step in plasma protein synthesis;  functions to activate + assist inflammatory cells; primarily bradykinin

Macrophage

phagocyte; adaptive immunity, prolonged phagocytosis at site of inflammation bc they survive + divide at site of injury

Mast cells

one of most the most important cellular activators of inflammatory response; release of numerous preformed mediator within seconds of injury (histamine = major)

Margination

(pavementing); leukocytes adhere to endothelial cells

Monocytes

Precursors to macrophages; produced in bone marrow/enter circulation

Neutrophils

phagocyte; first on site, predominate in early inflammatory response

Phagocytes

neutrophils + macrophages; remove toxic cellular debris, pathogenic microorganisms, prevent them from further harming body

Primary intention

clean incision (like paper cut/sutured surgical wound) heals through this process

Secondary intention

epidermal wounds healed by this are not completely restored by healing, only 80%

Tertiary intention

type of wound healing that involves healing a wound open to heal before closing it

Vascular Permeability

blood vessels because porous, secondary to retraction of endothelial cells, opening vascular tight junctions + enlarging spaces between cells. Results in exudation + edema.

Aneuploidy

Down syndrome; does NOT contain multiple of 23 chromosomes

Autosomes

the 22 chromosomes pairs, homologous in both males and females

Carrier

a person who has a disease gene but phenotypically normal.

Chromosome

where most genetic info is stored, organized, and retrieved

Dominant

cannot be the carrier, manifest the trait; expressed in homozygous (BB)/ heterozygous (Bb)

Genotype

composition of genes at given locus; what they HAVE

Incidence

number of new cases of a disease reported during specific period divided by number of individuals in the population

Karyotype

display of normal human body: appearance + number of chromosomes of an individual

Multifactorial Inheritance

majority of diseases resylt from complex interplay of both genetic + environmental factors

Mutation

can disrupt normal DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis, can be subtle/silent causing no issues while others may be repaired by cell

Nondisjunction

failure of homologous chromosomes/sister chromatids to separate normally during meiosis or mitosis

Phenotype

the outward appearance of the genetics of an organism ; what they demonstrate

Prevalence

proportion of the population affected by disease at a specific point in time

Recessive

only expressed in homozygous pair (bb)- carrier

Recurrence risk

the probability that an individual will develop a genetic disease

Sex Chromosomes

remaining pair of chromosomes, consist of two homologous X chromosomes in females and X and Y for males

Transcription

mRNA is synthesized from DNA serving as the crucial messenger to carry genetic code from nucleus to cytoplasm

Translation

mRNA carries genetic code from DNA into ribosome. mRNA + tRNA collab in ribosome to form amino acid sequences, leading to creation of polypeptides + proteins

Trisomy-

cell containing three/more copies of one chromosome

Adenocarcinoma

malignant tumor; from ductal to glandular tissues 

Anaplasia

lack of differentiation

Angiogenesis

formation of new blood vessels

Benign tumor

named according to tissues from which they arise (-oma); noncancerous

Cachexia

patients with cancer develop loss of body fat + lean body mass

Carcinogenesis

initiation of cancer formation

Carcinoma

malignant tumor most common; epithelial tissue

Carcinoma-in-situ

preinvasive epithelial malignant tumor of glandular/squamous origin

Differentiation

cancer cells resemble normal cells structurally + functionally

Leiomyoma

benign tumor; smooth muscle

Leukemia

malignant tumor; blood-forming cells

Lipoma

benign tumor; fatty tissue

Lymphoma

malignant tumor; lymphocytes (T/B cells)

Malignant tumor

named according to tissues form which they arise; cancerous

Meningioma

benign tumor; meningeal tissues of brain

Metastasis

spread of cancer from original site of original tumor to distant tissues and organs throughout body

Oncogenes

mutant genes, in their nonmutant state, direct protein synthesis + cellular growth

Paraneoplastic syndrome

symptom complexes triggered by cancer, BUT NOT caused by direct local effects of tumor mass

Proto-oncogenes

normal nonmutant genes that code for cellular growth

Sarcoma

malignant tumor; soft + bone tissues

Stages of cancer

Stage 0 (CIS), Stage 1- confined to organ of origin, Stage 2- locally invasive, Stage 3- advanced to regional structures, Stage 4- has spread to distant sites

Tumor-suppressor genes

encode proteins, in their normal state, negatively regulate proliferation

Aneurysm

hypertension weakens walls of arteries, inc development of bulges in arterial walls

Artery

oxygenated blood

Atherosclerosis

chronic inflammatory disease; abnormal thickening + hardening of vessel walls

Baroreceptor

blood pressure sensors

Cardiac output (CO)

cross-bridge cycling linked to systolic function

Cholesterol

waxy fat that circulates in blood

C-reactive protein (CRP)

protein in blood that indicates inflammation/infection

Diastole

cardiac relaxation

Endothelium

key component in circulatory system, considered separate endocrine organ

Fatty streaks

first sign of atherosclerosis, yellow/white discoloration in artery

Foam cells

macrophage; releases growth factors encouraging atherosclerosis

High-density lipoprotein (HDL)

excreted from body, return to cholesterol for recycling

Hyperlipidemia

higher lipid in our blood

Hypertension (HTN)

consistent elevation of system arterial BP

Ischemia

condition where blood flow to organ is reduced

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

deposited on artery walls; transport cholesterol from liver + intestines to tissues

Orthostatic (postural) hypotension

decrease in systolic/diastolic BP in response to gravitational response

Plaque

condition called atherosclerosis

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)

maintains BP; aldosterone increases Na+ and H2O reabsorption, kicks out K+

Stroke volume (SV)

volume of blood ejected during each ventricular contraction

Sympathetic nervous system (SNS)

fight/flight

Systole

contraction of cardiac cycle

Triglyceride

large lipid molecules acquired thru diet + stored as fat tissue