CHAPTER 1-17 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY HONORS

What are the levels of organization in the human body from smallest to largest?

Atoms, Molecules, Macromolecules, Organelles, Cells, Tissues, Organ, Groups of Organs, Organ Systems.

What are the steps of a scientific inquiry?

Ask a question, Background research, Construct a hypothesis, Test the hypothesis with an experiment, Gather data and observations, Analyze data and draw conclusions, Reject or fail the hypothesis.

What are the environmental requirements for human life?

Water, Food, Oxygen, Heat, Pressure.

What is assimilation?

Changing nutrients into chemically different forms.

What is a sagittal section?

Divides the body into right and left portions.

What is a transverse section?

Divides the body into superior and inferior portions.

What is a frontal section?

Divides the body into anterior and posterior sections.

What are isotopes?

Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

What are organic molecules?

Compounds that contain both hydrogen and carbon.

What are inorganic substances?

Compounds that usually dissolve in water and release ions, making them electrolytes.

What are electrolytes?

Substances that release ions into water and can carry an electric charge in the body.

What elements are abundant in the human body?

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Calcium, Phosphorus.

What are lysosomes?

Membranous sacs containing enzymes that break down nutrients, ingested materials, debris, and worn-out cell parts.

What are ribosomes?

Tiny, spherical structures composed of RNA and proteins, providing structural support and enzyme activity for protein synthesis.

What is the function of the nucleus?

Contains DNA and directs the cell's activities.

What is the nucleolus?

A dense structure inside the nucleus responsible for producing ribosomes.

What are stem cells?

Cells that retain the ability to divide without specialization and are important for growth and renewal.

What are the three main phases of the cell cycle?

Interphase (prepares for division and replicates DNA), Mitosis (division of the nucleus), Cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm).

What does the cutaneous membrane consist of?

The epidermal and dermal layers of skin.

What is the function of melanin?

To give skin pigmentation and provide some protection against UV radiation.

What is basal cell carcinoma?

The most common type of skin cancer.

What is the primary function of the kidneys?

To filter blood and create urine.

What is the role of the liver?

To synthesize bile, store glycogen, and detoxify substances.

What is the structure responsible for gas exchange in the lungs?

The alveoli.

What is the purpose of the urinary system?

To eliminate waste from the body and regulate blood volume and blood pressure.