APWH Unit 1 - Global Tapestry

Why is champa rice better than regular rice?

Champa rice is a fast-growing and drought-resistant variety, which allows for multiple harvests in a year, improving food security and agricultural productivity compared to regular rice.

Where did champa rice originate from?

Champa rice originated from the Champa Kingdom in present-day Vietnam. It was introduced to China during the Song Dynasty, significantly enhancing agricultural output.

How did champa rice spread?

Champa rice spread through trade networks and agricultural exchange, particularly during the Song Dynasty, as farmers sought more productive crops to improve food security.

How was champa rice introduced to China?

Champa rice was introduced to China during the Song Dynasty by Vietnamese traders and envoys, significantly boosting agricultural production across the region.

What is proto-industrialization?

Proto-industrialization is an early, decentralized stage of economic development where rural households and small cottage workshops produces non-agricultural goods (such as silk, textiles, and iron) for long-distance and global markets rather than just local consumption. (Significant in China)

How do artisans apply to China?

Artisans in China played a crucial role in the economy by using specialized skills to create high-quality goods, such as silk, ceramics, and metalwork, which were sought after in both domestic and international markets.

What is the scholar Gentry?

The scholar-gentry were educated elites in Chinese society, often holding government positions and embodying Confucian ideals. They played a significant role in administration, education, and cultural development. (Had higher education so they were called SCHOLAR Gentry, were mainly the rich and belonged to higher society)

Where can you find the scholar Gentry?

The scholar-gentry can be found in China, particularly during the imperial periods.

What is Filial piety?

Filial piety is a fundamental virtue in Chinese culture emphasizing respect, obedience, and care for one's parents and ancestors. It forms a key aspect of Confucian ethics and social harmony.

What is the grand canal?

The Grand Canal is a vast network of waterways in China, built to facilitate trade and transportation between northern and southern regions. It is the longest and oldest artificial waterway in the world, playing a crucial role in China's economic development. (Gained a lot of tribute through the Grand Canal, they also taxed those who passed through)

Where can you find the grand canal?

The Grand Canal can be found in China, connecting major cities such as Beijing and Hangzhou, and serving as a critical waterway for trade and transport during various dynastic periods.

What kind of civilization is Song China?

A dynasty (Song Dynasty)

What is the imperial bureaucracy?

The imperial bureaucracy refers to the system of government officials and administrators who are responsible for various state functions, including tax collection, public works, and maintaining order, particularly notable in dynastic China. (Higher ups sent government out to do their “dirty work”)

What civilizations use imperial bureaucracy

Primarily dynastic China, but also present in empires such as the Byzantine Empire and the Roman Empire, where structured administrative systems managed diverse territories.

What is meritocracy?

A system of government or administration where positions and responsibilities are assigned based on individual merit, such as skills, abilities, and achievements, rather than wealth or social class.

What civilization(s) can meritocracy be found?

• Imperial China

• Roman Civilization

• Mongol Empire

What is woodblock printing and where was it invented?

Woodblock printing is a technique for printing text, images, or patterns by applying ink to carved wooden blocks. It was invented in ancient China during the Tang Dynasty.

How were the women treated in China?

Women in China were often subjected to patriarchal norms, facing restrictions on their rights and freedoms, with practices like:

• footbinding

• limiting women to the “inner quarters” of the home

• discouraged public travel or mixing with men outside the family

• Widows should not remarry (starving to death was a minor issue compared to this)

• Expected to show total obedience to their nearest male relative

• Had some legal property and inheritance rights through large dowries (payment from bride’s family to the groom or his family at time of marriage)

What is foot binding?

Foot binding was a Chinese practice where young girls' feet were tightly bound to alter their shape, aiming to achieve small, delicate feet considered a symbol of beauty and status. This painful custom often resulted in lifelong disabilities and reflected societal expectations of women's subservience. (Made women unable to walk)

What is Buddhism?

Buddhism is a spiritual tradition founded in the 5th century BCE by Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha. It teaches the path to enlightenment through practices such as meditation, ethical conduct, and wisdom, aiming to overcome suffering and attain Nirvana. (State of peace, happiness and freedom from all suffering and worldly desires)

Where was Buddhism founded?

Buddhism was founded in ancient India, specifically in the region of present-day Nepal, where Siddhartha Gautama attained enlightenment under the Bodhi tree in Bodh Gaya.

Where was Buddhism celebrated?

• China

• Japan

• Korea

• Khmer Empire

• Srivijaya Empire

• Majapahit Empire

What is Theravada Buddhism

Theravada Buddhism is one of the oldest branches of Buddhism, emphasizing individual enlightenment through strict adherence to the original teachings of the Buddha. It is practiced mainly in Southeast Asia, including countries like Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Myanmar.

What is Mahayana Buddhism?

Mahayana Buddhism is a major branch of Buddhism that emphasizes the possibility of universal salvation and the worship of bodhisattvas, beings who postpone their own enlightenment to help others achieve it.

What is Tibetan Buddhism?

Tibetan Buddhism is a distinct form of Buddhism that incorporates elements of Vajrayana, emphasizing esoteric teachings, rituals, and the spiritual guidance of lamas. It is practiced primarily in Tibet, Nepal, Bhutan, and Mongolia.

What is syncretic?

Syncretic refers to the combining of different beliefs, practices, or philosophies, often resulting in a blended system. In religious contexts, it typically describes the merging of various faith traditions.

What is Chan (Zen) Buddhism?

Chan (Zen) Buddhism is a school of Mahayana Buddhism that emphasizes meditation (zazen) and direct experience of enlightenment. It values simplicity and the teaching of mindfulness, often using koans to aid practitioners in their spiritual journeys.

What is Neo-Confucianism

Neo-Confucianism is a philosophical and ethical system that emerged during the Song Dynasty, blending Confucian ideals with elements of Daoism and Buddhism. It emphasizes morality, social harmony, and the importance of education and self-cultivation. (Song China)

What is the Heian period?

The Heian period was a time in Japanese history from 794 to 1185, marked by the flourishing of art, culture, and literature, as well as the establishment of a court-centered aristocracy in Kyoto.

What are Seljuk Turks?

The Seljuk Turks were a medieval Turko-Persian empire that played a significant role in the Islamic world, particularly during the 11th and 12th centuries. They established a vast empire that stretched from Central Asia to the Middle East, influencing the culture and politics of the region. (Took over Islamic city-states)

Where are Seljuk Turks?

The Seljuk Turks were primarily located in parts of Central Asia and the Middle East, particularly in modern-day Turkey, Iran, and surrounding regions. They were influential in the Islamic world during the medieval period, especially in the areas they governed.

What is sultan?

A sultan is a ruler or leader in some Islamic countries, often regarded as a sovereign authority, particularly in states that have a monarchy or a caliphate system.

What is the Abbasid Caliphate?

The Abbasid Caliphate was the third caliphate in Islamic history, established in 750 CE, known for its cultural, scientific, and economic advancements during the Islamic Golden Age. Its capital was Baghdad, which became a major center of learning and trade.

What are the Mamluks?

The Mamluks were a military class that ruled Egypt and the Levant from the 13th to 16th centuries, originally composed of enslaved non-Arab soldiers. They played a crucial role in defending against the Mongol invasions and were known for their unique military system and architectural achievements in Cairo.

Who was Muhammad?

Muhammad was the founder of Islam and is regarded as the last prophet in Islamic tradition. He received divine revelations from Allah, which were later compiled into the Quran, and established a following that shaped Islamic teachings and practices.

Who were the crusaders?

The crusaders were European Christians who participated in the series of religious wars known as the Crusades, aimed at reclaiming the Holy Land from Muslim rule during the 11th to 13th centuries.

What was sufis?

Sufis are practitioners of Sufism, a mystical branch of Islam that emphasizes personal experience of God, spiritual closeness, and love for the divine. They often use poetry, music, and rituals to seek a deeper connection with Allah.

What is the house of wisdom?

The House of Wisdom was a major intellectual center during the Islamic Golden Age located in Baghdad. It housed scholars of various cultures who translated and expanded upon ancient texts, contributing to advancements in science, mathematics, and philosophy.

Where was Baghdad?

Baghdad is the capital city of modern-day Iraq, situated along the Tigris River. It became a prominent cultural and intellectual hub during the Islamic Golden Age.

Why was Baghdad significant?

Baghdad was significant as a major center of learning and culture during the Islamic Golden Age, fostering advancements in sciences, philosophy, and the arts. It served as a meeting place for scholars from diverse backgrounds, making substantial contributions to global knowledge.

Who was Nasir al-Din al-Tusi?

Nasir al-Din al-Tusi was a Persian polymath of the 13th century who made significant contributions to astronomy, mathematics, and philosophy. He is renowned for his work in developing trigonometry and for founding the Maragha observatory.

Who was ‘A’ishah al-Ba’-uniyyah

‘A’ishah al-Ba’uniyyah was a prominent 14th-century female Sufi scholar and poet from Damascus, known for her spiritual writings and contributions to Islamic mysticism. Her works reflect the experiences and teachings of Sufism, making her a significant figure in the history of Islamic literature.

What was the Vijayanagara Empire?

The Vijayanagara Empire was a South Indian empire that existed from the 14th to the 17th century. It was known for its advances in art and architecture, religious tolerance, and trade, with its capital located in present-day Hampi, Karnataka.

What was the Rajput Kingdoms/where was it?

The Rajput Kingdoms were a group of warrior states located in present-day northern India, particularly in Rajasthan. They emerged during the medieval period, known for their valor, distinct culture, and diverse rulers, playing a key role in the region's history.

What was the Delhi Sultanate?

The Delhi Sultanate was a series of five short-lived dynasties that ruled parts of the Indian subcontinent from the 13th to 16th centuries, known for the introduction of Islamic rule and cultural influences in India.

What does Srivijaya Empire (Sumatra) mean?

The Srivijaya Empire was a powerful maritime and trade empire that flourished from the 7th to the 13th centuries in present-day Sumatra, Indonesia. It played a crucial role in the spread of Buddhism in Southeast Asia and controlled important trade routes, fostering connections between India, China, and the Malay Archipelago. (Centralized royal government with Mahayana and Tantric Buddhism

What does Majahapit Kingdom (Java) mean?

The Majapahit Kingdom was a powerful empire based in eastern Java, Indonesia, that thrived from the late 13th to the early 16th centuries, known for its trade, cultural achievements, and influence over a large part of Southeast Asia. (syncretic Hindu-Buddhist)

What does Sinhala dynasties (Sri Lanka) mean?

The Sinhala dynasties were a series of ancient kingdoms that ruled over Sri Lanka from the 3rd century BCE to the 16th century CE, noted for their significant contributions to Buddhism, art, and architecture, particularly during the Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa periods. (Monarchy with Theravada Buddhism)

What does Khmer Empire (Cambodia) mean?

The Khmer Empire was a powerful and influential empire in Southeast Asia, existing from the 9th to the 15th centuries, renowned for its monumental architecture, including the famous Angkor Wat temple complex, and for its development of Hindu and Buddhist cultures. (Ruled by divine “god-kings” and blend of Hinduism and Mahayana/Theravada Buddhism

What does Sukhothai Kingdom (Thailand) mean?

The Sukhothai Kingdom was an early Thai kingdom that existed from the 13th to the 15th centuries, recognized as the cradle of Thai civilization and known for its advancements in art, architecture, and the establishment of Theravada Buddhism as predominant. (Decentralized monarchy)

What is proselytize?

To actively promote and convert others to a particular religion or belief, often associated with missionary activities.

What is the Bhakti Movement?

The Bhakti Movement was a religious reform movement in medieval India emphasizing devotion to a personal god and promoting spiritual equality regardless of caste. It aimed to democratize religion and foster a direct relationship between devotees and the divine.

What is Qutub Minar?

“Axis tower” or “victory tower” symbolized both the pivot of faith and the establishment of Muslim rule in Delhi.

What is Urdu?

Urdu is a South Asian language that developed from a mix of Persian, Arabic, and local Indian languages, primarily spoken in Pakistan and India. It is known for its rich literary heritage and serves as a lingua franca in parts of South Asia.

What was the Mississippian matrilineal society?

The Mississippian culture had a matrilineal social structure, meaning that lineage and inheritance were traced through the mother's line. This system often resulted in women holding significant roles in society, particularly in land ownership and family connections.

What was Mound-Building?

Mound-building refers to the construction of earth mounds by various cultures in North America, particularly by the Mississippian civilization, for various purposes such as burial, ceremonial, and residential activities.

What was Cahokia?

Cahokia was a major urban center of the Mississippian culture located near present-day St. Louis, Missouri. It featured large earthen mounds and was a hub of trade, politics, and cultural exchange, reaching its peak around 1100-1200 CE.

What was Mayan civilization like (territory)?

City-states

What was Mexica and where was it?

The Mexica, also known as the Aztecs, were a Mesoamerican civilization that established a powerful empire in central Mexico, with their capital at Tenochtitlan. They are known for their advanced agricultural practices, societal structures, and impressive architecture. (Chinampa/floating gardens)

What is a theocracy?

A form of government in which religious leaders control the government, often claiming divine guidance or authority.

Who used a theocracy?

The Aztec Empire, The Maya Civilization, and the Islamic Caliphates/Gunpowder Empires

Who used humans sacrifice?

The practice of ritual human sacrifice was primarily used by the Aztec Empire, as well as other Mesoamerican cultures, to appease their gods and ensure agricultural fertility.

What and where was Pachacuti?

Pachacuti was the ninth Sapa Inca of the Inca Empire, known for transforming it into a major regional power in the 15th century, primarily located in present-day Peru.

What is the mit’a system and where was it prevalent?

The mit'a system was a labor tax system used by the Inca Empire, requiring communities to work for the state on projects such as agriculture and construction, prevalent in the Andean regions of South America.

What was Carpa Nan and where was it?

Carpa Nan was an extensive road system built by the Inca Empire, facilitating communication, trade, and military movement across their territory, primarily in present-day Peru.

What was the Temple of the Sun and where was it?

The Temple of the Sun was a sacred temple devoted to the sun god Inti, serving as a central religious site for the Inca Empire. It was located in the city of Cusco, Peru, and was known for its impressive architecture and golden ornaments.

What was Animism?

Animism is the belief that objects, places, and creatures possess a spiritual essence or soul. This belief system recognizes a connection between the natural world and the spiritual realm, varying widely across different cultures.

Where was Animism used?

• Sub-Saharan Africa

• Americas

• East Asia

What were Sub-Saharan networks like?

Sub-Saharan networks were extensive trade routes and social connections that facilitated the exchange of goods, culture, and ideas across various civilizations in Sub-Saharan Africa. These networks included trade in gold, salt, and textiles, linking regions such as West Africa, East Africa, and the interior of the continent.

What was Swahili Civilization like?

Swahili Civilization was a collection of city-states along the East African coast that thrived from trade with the Indian Ocean. It was characterized by a mix of African, Arab, and Persian influences, with a culture that included a unique blend of languages, art, and architecture. (Gold and ivory)

What was the Zanj Rebellion?

The Zanj Rebellion was a major uprising against Arab rule in present-day Iraq, led by enslaved Africans known as Zanj. It lasted from 869 to 883 CE and was fueled by harsh labor conditions on sugar plantations.

Describe Indian Ocean Trade

Indian Ocean Trade was a vast network of maritime trade routes connecting East Africa, the Middle East, India, and Southeast Asia, facilitating the exchange of goods like spices, silk, and precious metals. This trade network contributed to cultural exchanges and the spread of religions across regions.

Describe Indian Ocean Slave Trade

The Indian Ocean Slave Trade was the trade of enslaved Africans, mainly to the Arab states and Indian subcontinent, from the 7th to the 19th centuries. It involved the transportation of millions of individuals, significantly impacting societies and economies in the regions involved.

What was Great Zimbabwe’s contribution to technology?

Great Zimbabwe was known for its advanced stone construction techniques, including the use of large granite blocks without mortar, which showcased skilled craftsmanship and engineering. It was a hub for trade and culture, facilitating the exchange of ideas and technology.

What was Kinship government?

A kinship government refers to a social structure in which political authority and communal responsibilities are organized around family ties and relationships, often leading to a decentralized form of governance where leaders emerge from familial bonds.

What was Hausa Kingdoms?

The Hausa Kingdoms were a group of independent city-states in Northern Nigeria that emerged between the 11th and 19th centuries, known for their trade networks, Islamic scholarship, and cultural advancements.

Describe Ghana

Ghana was an influential West African empire that thrived from the 6th to the 13th century, primarily known for its wealth derived from gold trade, as well as its complex social and political structures, which facilitated extensive trade connections across the Sahara.

Describe Mali

Mali was a powerful West African empire that flourished from the 13th to the 16th century, renowned for its wealth generated from gold and salt trade, as well as its cultural achievements, notably the establishment of the legendary city of Timbuktu as a center of learning and commerce.

Describe Zimbabwe

Zimbabwe was an extensive and influential kingdom in Southern Africa, flourishing between the 11th and 15th centuries, recognized for its architectural achievements, particularly the Great Zimbabwe ruins, as well as its role in regional trade, especially in gold and ivory.

Describe Ethiopia

Ethiopia was a prominent ancient kingdom located in the Horn of Africa, recognized for its unique Christian heritage, particularly through the establishment of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, and its pivotal role in trade routes connecting Africa, the Middle East, and Asia.

What is Feudalism?

Feudalism was a social and economic system prevalent in medieval Europe, characterized by the exchange of land for military service and loyalty. It involved a hierarchical structure of lords, vassals, and serfs, where land was granted in return for personal allegiance and labor.

What is Manorialism?

Manorialism was a social and economic system that governed rural life in medieval Europe, centered around a lord's manor, which included agricultural land, peasant villages, and serfdom. It involved the management of self-sufficient estates and the relationship between lords and their serfs who worked the land.

What is the Magna Carta?

The Magna Carta, signed in 1215, was a foundational document in English legal history that limited the powers of the king and ensured certain rights for nobles. It established principles such as due process and the idea that everyone, including the monarch, is subject to the law.

Describe English Parliament

The English Parliament is a legislative body that evolved over centuries, beginning as a council of nobles to advise the king. It consists of two houses: the House of Commons and the House of Lords, playing a crucial role in the development of representative government and law-making in England.

Describe estates-general

The Estates-General was a representative assembly in France, consisting of three estates: the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners. It was convened by the king to discuss issues such as taxation and reform, playing a significant role in the political landscape leading up to the French Revolution.

Describe Hundred Years’ War

The Hundred Years’ War was a series of conflicts between England and France from 1337 to 1453, primarily over territorial disputes and claims to the French throne. It resulted in significant political and social changes in both countries, including the rise of national identities. (France won)

Describe Roman Catholic Church

The Roman Catholic Church was the central religious institution in medieval Europe, serving not only as a spiritual authority but also as a political power. It played a crucial role in shaping European culture, education, and governance, particularly through the influence of the Pope and the establishment of sacramental rites.

Describe Eastern Orthodox Church

The Eastern Orthodox Church is a major Christian denomination that developed from the early Christian communities in the Eastern Roman Empire. It emphasizes the traditions and sacraments of the faith, maintains a hierarchy led by patriarchs, and played a significant role in the cultural and political life of Byzantium and Eastern Europe.

Describe Great Schism

The Great Schism refers to the division of Christianity in 1054 that resulted in the separation of the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. This schism was driven by theological differences, disputes over papal authority, and cultural divergences between the Latin West and the Greek East.

Describe antisemitism

Antisemitism is the hostility, prejudice, or discrimination against Jews as a religious, ethnic, or racial group. It has manifested throughout history in various forms, including social exclusion, economic restrictions, and violent persecution.

What is the three-field system?

The three-field system is an agricultural practice in medieval Europe that involved rotating crops among three fields to improve soil fertility and maximize agricultural productivity. This method allowed one field to lie fallow while the others were planted, helping to mitigate soil depletion.

What is fallow?

Fallow refers to land that is left unplanted for a period of time to restore its fertility, allowing for natural regeneration of soil nutrients and preventing soil depletion.

What is commercial growth/Bourgeoisie?

Commercial growth refers to the expansion of trade and commerce, leading to the rise of the bourgeoisie, a social class that emerged during the late medieval period. This class consisted of wealthy merchants and industrialists who played a significant role in economic development and the overall shifting dynamics of society.

What was the Little Ice Age?

The Little Ice Age was a period of cooler temperatures that lasted from approximately the 14th to the mid-19th century, significantly affecting agriculture, economies, and populations in Europe and other regions.

Describe the renaissance

The Renaissance was a cultural, artistic, and intellectual movement that began in Italy during the 14th century and spread across Europe. It marked a revival of interest in the classical art and learning of ancient Greece and Rome, emphasizing humanism, individualism, and advancements in various fields such as science, literature, and visual arts.

What were nuclear families and who used it

Nuclear families are family units consisting of two parents and their children, commonly seen in industrialized societies. This family structure became more prevalent during the rise of capitalism and urbanization in the modern era. (Vietnam)

Describe polygyny

Polygyny is a form of marriage in which a man has multiple wives simultaneously. This practice is often found in various cultures and societies, particularly in some regions of Africa and the Middle East.

What was the Mamluk Sultanate and where was it?

The Mamluk Sultanate was a political and military regime established in Egypt and the Levant, ruled by a class of slave-soldiers known as Mamluks. It was prominent from the 13th to the 16th centuries, known for its cultural and architectural achievements.