BME 101 Quiz 3

Biological Systems

number of bones in the skeleton

206

total number of cranial & facial bones in the skull

22

vertebrae

the 31 separate bones of the vertebral column

number of bones in the rib cage

12 pairs

number of bones in the pelvis

4

axial skeleton

rib cage, skull, vertebral column

appendicular skeleton

upper & lower extremities

irregular bone

vary in complex shape & structure which helps protect internal organs; vertebra

long bone

hard dense bones that provide strength, structure, & mobility; femur

sesamoid bone

bones embedded in tendons that function to protect them from stres & wear; patella

flat bone

protects internal organs (brain, heart, pelvic organs) & provides large areas of attachment for muscles; frontal

short bone

provides stability & some movement; carpal

number of cranial bones

8

number of facial bones

14

sutures

hold cranial bones together; aka interlocking fibrous joints

cranial vault

the space in the skull occupied by the brain

bones of the vertebral column

cervical spine (C1-C7), thoracic (T1-T12) & lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5), sacrum (S1-S5)

3 types of muscle tissue

visceral (smooth), cardiac, & skeletal

visceral (smooth) muscle

found inside of organs: stomach, intestines, & blood vessels

cardiac muscle

found in the heart & responsible for pumping blood throughout the body

skeletal muscle

the only voluntary muscle tissue; contracts to move parts of the body closer to the bone that the muscle is attached to

tendon

flexible & tough tissue that attaches MUSCLE to BONE & is capable of withstanding tension

ligament

extends from BONE to BONE at a joint

pulling force

tendons & muscles work together & can only exert this force

soft tissue

tends & ligaments are referred to as this because of their common comparison to bone or cartilage

endocrine system

the collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth & development, tissue & sexual function, reproduction, sleep, & mood

nervous system

the center of all mental activity (thought, learning, & memory); major controlling, regulatory, & communicating system in the body

homeostasis

maintained & regulated by the endocrine & nervous system

nervous system composition

brain, spinal cord, nerves, & ganglia

neuron

generates electric signals & releases neurotransmitters to communicate with other cells; carries out the functions of the nervous system by conducting nerve impulses

parts of the neuron

cell body, dendrites, axon, axon terminals

cell body

contains genetic information

dendrites

receive inputs from other neurons

axon

nerve fiber that extends to target cells; may have collateral branches

axon terminals

release neurotransmitters from the axon

central nervous system

the brain & spinal cord serving as the nervous system’s command station

peripheral nervous system

nerve fibers transmitting signals between the CNS & receptors/effectors in all other parts of the body

receptors

sense organs that help the nervous system receive information from the surrounding; this information is sent to the brain by sensory nerves

effectors

the concerned part of the body (muscles, organs) to do the desired activity; the information is sent here

sensory neurons

responsible for detecting a stimulus

motor neurons

responsible for stimulating a muscular/glandular response

interneurons

serve as the connection point between these 2 pathways

afferent neurons

transmit information from receptors to the CNS

efferent neurons

transmit information out of the CNS to the effector cells

interneurons

CNS neurons that integrate groups of afferent & efferent neurons into circuits; accounts for 99% of all neurons

reflex

either a subconscious or involuntary response to an external stimulus

reflex arc

a neural pathway that controls a reflex action

cardiovascular system

an organ system that permits blood to circulate & transport nutrients to and from the cells in the body; provides nourishment, temperature/pH stabilization, & maintain homeostasis

blood volume average

5\.5 liters

erythrocytes

red blood cells; carry oxygen

leukocytes

white blood cells; protect against infection

platelets

suspended in plasma; function in blood clotting

left atrioventricular valve

mitral (bi\`cuspid) valve

right atrioventricular valve

tricuspid valve

semilunar valves

LV: aortic valve; RV: pulmonary valve

pulmonary circulation

blood pumped: right ventricle → lungs → left atrium

systemic circulation

blood pumped: left ventricle → all organs & tissues of the body → right atrium

arteries

carry blood AWAY from the heart

veins

carry blood TOWARDS the heart

isovolumetric ventricular contraction

beginning of systole; ventricles are contracting but the valves are still closed

ventricular ejection

rising pressure in the ventricles cause the aortic & pulmonary valve to open & the blood is ejected

isovolumetric ventricular relaxation

beginning of diastole; ventricles begin to relax & aortic/pulmonary valves close

end diastolic volume (EDV)

max. ventricular vol.

end systolic volume (ESV)

min. ventricular vol.

stroke volume (SV)

amount of blood pumped bumped by left ventricle in one contraction; mL/beat

SV =

EDV - ESV

cardiac output (CO)

the amount of blood pumped out of the ventricles in 1 min; mL/min

CO =

SV x Heart Rate

carotid & vertebral arteries

supply blood to the brain

normal flow to the brain

750 mL/min

microcirculation

the exchange of nutrients & wastes between the tissues & flowing blood occurs at the level of capillaries