ANSCI 1100: UNIT V

Animal health

refers to a state of physical and

psychological well-being of the animal.

Disease

any deviation from

normal health in which there is marked physiological,

anatomical or chemical changes in the animal’s body.

Infectious

• caused by microorganic Non-infectioussms

• Contagious

• Non-contagious

Non-infectious

caused by other factors aside

from microorganisms

Bacteria

Morphology:

• Coccus

• Bacillus

• Spirochetes

Fungi

are eukaryotic, non-photosythetic, filamentous, or unicellular organism that reproduce asexually or sexually

Virus

are submicroscopic organism that can be grown using living tissue

Rickettsia

• are true bacteria but they are non-filterable and are gram-negative

• they can be cultivated outside the host in the living tissue

• they are usually associated with the tissues of some arthropods

Protozoa

• it is a singled-celled organism and eukaryotic

• they are intracellular parasites

Metazoan parasites

• flatworms/tapeworms

• flukes

• roundworms

Arthropods (external parasites)

• these are referred to as joined legs parasites

• in this category belongs the mites, ticks, flies, lice, fleas, mosquitoes

Acute

start quickly run a short course

Chronic

run for a long period of time

Sabacute

clinical signs are shown to developP

Peracute

destroy the animal before clinical signs are seen

Morbidity

number of animals affected by the disease but do not die

Mortality

number of animals dying from the disease

Immunity

• Capacity of all animals to resist infection

• Classified as active or passive immunity

• Classified as natural or artificial

Active immunity

• Antigen being given to the animal and the body produced antibodies

• recovering from a disease (natural) or injection of biological agent or vaccine (artificial)

  • Longer duration

Passive immunity

• animal’s body given antibodies

  • sucking of colostrum and placental transfer (natural) and injection of antiserum (artificial)

Disinfection

process of converting a place or object from a potentially infective state into one which is free from infection

Quarantine

isolation or restriction on movement of animals to a certain designated area

Anthrax (Woolsorter’s Disease, Charbon, Mediterranean Fever)

• zoonotic disease caused by the sporeforming bacterium Bacillus anthracis acutaneous

• consumption of contaminated raw or undercooked meat

• Incubation (period is 3-7 days)

• absence of rigor mortis

• animals: horses

Pullorum Disease

• bacillary white diarrhea, BWD

• cause: Salmonella pullorum

• transmission: egg, from hen to chick; equipment

• Treatment: antibiotics, sulfomides, identify and test all the breeder hen

Tetanus

• non-contagious

• caused by Clostridium tetani

• birds or poultry are resistant but the most sensitive of all animals are horses

• commonly be seen on castration

• introduced into the tissues through wounds; deep puncture wounds or wounds that are minor healed

• Prevention: vaccination with tetanus toxoid

• Treatment: antitoxin

Brucellosis

• zoonotic

• Bang’s disease, Contagious disease, undulant fever in man

• Organisms are shed in milk and uterine discharges

• Natural transmission

• Abortion is the most obvious manifestation and usually occurs on the last 3 months of pregnancy

• stillborn or weak calves, retained placenta, and reduced milk yield

• Control: Testing and eliminating reactors; vaccination; replacement stocks from brucellosis-free areas or herds

• Symptoms: the joint is swelling

Infectious Coryza

• Haemophilus paragallinarum - seen only in chickens

• Clinical signs: Swelling, foul smelling, sticky discharged from the nostrils and eyes.

• Transmission: bird-to-bird contact, inhalation, contaminated feed or water

• Treatment: Antibiotics or antibacterials

• Prevention: Good management and sanitation; Vaccination

Hemorragic Septicemia

• Caused: Pasteurella multocida, acute and highly fatal septicemia in cattle and water buffaloes

• Animals are infected by direct or indirect contact

• show dullness, then reluctance to move, fever, salivation, serous nasal discharge

• Treatment: Sulfomides, tetracyclines, penicillin, chloramphenicol

• Prevention: Vaccination using bacterin

Hog Cholera or Swine fever

• affecting only pigs and caused by pestivirus

• Transmission: Direct and indirect contact

• Fever, cyanosis of the skin especially of extremities

• Dyspnoea, coughing

• Ataxia, paresis and convulsion

• Mortality in young pigs can approach 100%

• Prevention and Control: No treatment is possible, affected pigs must be slaughtered and buried, Vaccination

Transmissible Gastroenteritis

• Highly infectious disease in the piglet caused by a Coronavirus

• The virus enters the pig by mouth and multiplies in the villi and destroys them

• Signs: vomiting and acute watery diarrhea

• Treatment: no specific treatment

  • Prevention: Follow strict biosecurity measures, vaccination

Foot and Mouth Disease (Apthous Fever)

• Viral disease of cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, buffalo, and artiodactyl wildlife species

• Characterized by fever and vesicles in the mouth and on the muzzle, teats, and feet

• Transmission: contact between susceptible and infected animals, respiratory or oral routes

• Incubation period (2-14 days)

  • Control: Vaccination and quarantine

Fowl Pox

• Chicken pox, sore head, avian diphtheria, bird pox

• Transmission: direct contact, by mosquitos

• Clinical signs: two forms of fowl pox:

  • dry form (cutaneous form)

  • wet form (diptheric form)

• Treatment: No treatment is available

• Prevention: vaccination, control mosquitos

Infectious Bursal Disease

• Synonyms: Gumboro, IBD, infectious bursitis

• Causative agen: birnavirus (IBDV)

• Clinical signs: Chickens > 3 weeks of age - water droppings, soiled vent and vent pecking

• Transmission: bird-to-bird contact, contaminated people and equipment

• Treatment: No specific treatment

  • Prevention: Vaccination

Avian Influenza

• Synonyms: AI, flu, influenza, fowl plague

• Transmission: infected carcasses and manure, contaminated clothing and equipment, mechanical transmission

• Clinical signs:

  • mild form - listlessness, respiratory distress, greenish diarrhea, transient drops in egg production, and low mortality

  • highly pathogenic form - facial swelling, blue comb and wattles, and respiratory distress

• Treatment: There is no effective treatment

• Prevention: vaccination, strict quarantine and rapid destruction of all infected flocks

Newcastle Disease

• Transmission: airborne route, contaminated feed and equipment, through egg

• Clinical signs: hoarse chips, watery discharge, labored breathing

• facial swelling

• Mortality ranges from 10 to 80 percent

• Decreased feed and water consumption and drop in egg production

• Treatment: There is no specific treatment

  • Prevention: Vaccination, good sanitation

Pseudorabies

• acute, affecting swine, ruminants, horse

• Clinical signs: similar to those of rabies, “mad itch"

• Transmission: nose-to-nose, fecal-oral contact, inhalation

• convulsions with muscular spasms; blindness and death

  • Treatment and control: no treatment, vaccination

African Swine Fever

• Causative agent: DNA virus belonging to the genus Asfivirus

• Transmission:

  • Direct transmission: contact between sick and healthy animals

  • Indirect transmission: feeding on garbage infected meat, biological vectors - soft ticks

• Clinical signs:

  • Peracut: sudden death with few signs

  • Acute form:

    • Mortality rate is usually close to 100%

    • Fever (40.5-42 C)

    • Reddening of the skin

    • Anorexia

    • Vomiting and diarrhea

  • Subacute form:

    • slight fever, reduced appetite and depression

    • duration of illnes is 5-30 days

• Prevention and control: Sanitary prophylaxis, Medical prophylaxis

Rickets

Disease of young due to deficiency in vitamin D characterized by softening and bending of bones

Osteomalacia

• Disease of adult caused by deficient bone calcification due to vitamin D