Anatomy 310 Endocrine Exam

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Neuroscience

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192 Terms

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Nervous and endocrine systems are known for?
communication and coordination
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What is a type of cell-cell communication?
gap junctions
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Gap junctions allow?
direct chemical communication
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Paracrine secretions allow?
local chemical communication
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The endocrine and nervous system allow?
communication between distant cells
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Where is the nuclei of the hypothalamus?
wall and floor of the 3rd ventricle
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What primitive functions does the hypothalamus and hypophysis control?
water balance, temperature, sex drive, childbirth
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What is the name for the anterior pituitary?
Adenohypophysis
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What is the name for the posterior pituitary?
Neurophpophysis
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What is the name of the stalk of the pituitary?
infundibulum
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Which pituitary takes up 3/4's?
anterior
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How is the anterior pituitary connected to the hypothalamus?
hypophyseal portal system (hps)
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Why does the HPS bring hormones from the hypothalamus?
to regulate adenohypophysis secretion
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How does the Neurohypophysis connect to the hypothalamus?
through neurons of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract
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Where do neurons make and store hormones?
at the axon end
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Neurons make and store hormones until?
signals depolarize them
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What two hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin (OT)
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How many releasing hormones are in the hypothalamus?
4
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How many inhibiting hormones are released in the hypothalamus?
2
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What are gonadotropins?
hormones secreted by pituitary gonadotrope cells
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What are two examples of gonadotropins?
FSH & LH
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Do levels of hormones fluctuate?
Yes. Some at set times.
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Growth hormone (GH) time of fluctuation?
low in day, peaks at night
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Lutenizing hormone (LH) time of fluctuation?
peaks in mid menstral cycle
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Oxytocin (OT) time of fluctuation?
peaks during labor and nursing
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What is the anterior pituitary regulated in part by?
Hypothalamus
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What controls the posterior pituitary?
neuroendocrine reflexes
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When does OT peak from the posterior pituitary?
When the brain is stimulated by labor or nursing.
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What happens during dehydration?
osmoreceptors in hypothalamus detect low water concentration in the blood
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As a result of dehydration, what does the hypothalamus release?
ADH
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What happens during the detection of high blood pressure?
stretch receptors in heart and arteries send a signal to hypothalamus indicating high bp
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What is released by the hypothalamus as a result of high blood pressure?
ADH is not released
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What are both lobes of the pituitary regulated by?
negative feedback inhibition
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What is an example of negative feedback inhibition?
Hypothalamus and pituitary regulate the thyroid, and are in turn regulated by the thyroid hormone.
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What is an example of positive feedback?
oxytocin during pregnancy
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The pineal gland is large in what age?
children but shrinks (involutes) rapidly
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What is the function of the pineal gland?
function is unclear
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Damage or tumors on the pineal gland may cause?
premature sexual maturation
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At night, what does the pineal gland produce?
melatonin
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During the day, what does the pineal gland produce?
serotonin
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What does melatonin and serotonin in the pineal gland regulate?
moods
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The thymus is large in what age?
children (grows), then involutes.
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What is the thymus in the elderly?
fatty and fibrous
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What hormones does the thymus secrete?
thymopoietin and thymosin
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What does thympoietin and thymosin aid in?
development and activation of T lymphocytes
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Thymopoietin and thymosin supports?
lymphatic organs
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What is the largest endocrine gland in adults?
thyroid
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What gland has the highest high blood flow/gram?
thyroid
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The follicular cells in the thyroid are what type of tissue?
cuboidal epithelium
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The fluid in the follicle cells is mostly?
Triiodothyronine (T3) and Tetraiodothyronine (T4)
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What hormone in the thyroid makes up 98%?
T4-which is the inactive form
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Thyroid Hormones (TH) are secreted by?
follicular cells
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Clear parafollicular cells are also known as?
C cells in the thyroid
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What do C cells make?
calcitonin when blood calcium levels rise
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What does calcitonin stimulate?
osteoblasts
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Why is calcitonin important in children?
osteoclast suppression
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What does the parathyroid make?
calcitrol when blood calcium is low
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The adrenal glands are also known as?
Suprarenal glands
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What does retroperitoneal mean?
Lying outside the peritoneal cavity between the peritoneum and posterior body wall
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What organs/glands are retroperitoneal?
Adrenal glands and the kidneys
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What are the adrenal glands formed by?
fusion of the medulla (nervous tissue) with cortex
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The adrenal medulla gland arises from?
nervous tissue
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What does the adrenal medulla have?
preganglionic and postganglionic sympathetic neurons
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The adrenal medulla does not have?
axons or dendrites
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In response to nerve signals, what does the adrenal medulla secrete?
epinephrine and norepinephrine (Catecholamines)
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How many hormones does the adrenal cortex produce?
25
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What type of hormones does the adrenal cortex produce?
corticosteroid
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How many hormones stimulated by the adrenal cortex are physiologically important?
5
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All corticosteroid hormones produced in the adrenal cortex are all from?
cholesterol
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What are the three categories of hormones in adrenal cortex?
Mineralocorticoids (M), Glucocorticoids (G), and Sex steroids (S)
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What do mineralocorticoids in the adrenal cortex do?
regulate electrolyte imbalance
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What do glucocorticoids in the adrenal cortex do?
regulate use of glucose and other fuels
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What do sex steroids in the adrenal cortex do?
regulate some reproductive functions
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What are the 3 zones in the adrenal cortex?
glomerulosa, fasiculata, and reticularis
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What makes up 98% of the pancreas?
exocrine tissue
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What does the pancreas make?
digestive enzymes
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What are the thousands of cells found in the pancreas?
islet cells
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The islet cells form what in the pancreas?
Islets of Langerhans
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What do the islet cells in the pancreas secrete?
many hormones
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Beta cells make up what percent of the pancreas?
70%
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Alpha cells make up what percent of the pancreas?
20%
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Delta cells make up what percent of the pancreas?
5%
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Beta cells in the pancreas secrete what?
insulin
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Alpha cells in the pancreas secrete what?
glucagon
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Delta cells in the pancreas secrete what?
somatostatin
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What does insulin in the beta cells of the pancreas stimulate cells to do?
take up glucose and store it as fat and glycogen immediately after a meal
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What does glucagon in the alpha cells of the pancreas do?
stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconegoenesis
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Glycogenolysis means?
fat break down
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Gluconegoenesis means?
release of glucose between meals
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Somastotatin in delta cells of the pancreas inhibit?
alpha and beta cells and digestion
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What do the PP and G cells of the pancreas do?
moderate digestive functions
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The gonads are what two systems?
endocrine and exocrine
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Exocrine secretions of the gonads are?
eggs or sperm (cytogenic)
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Endocrine secretions of the gonads are?
steroid sex hormones
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What does the theca of the ovaries make?
pre-estradiol
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What do the theca and granulosa convert pre-estradiol to?
estradiol
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What forms from a ruptured follicle in the ovaries?
corpus luteum
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The corpus luteum in the ovaries produces what hormone?
progesterone
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What is secreted from both the follicle and corpus luteum of the ovaries?
inhibin
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What does inhibin inhibit in the ovaries?
FSH secretion by negative feedback of the anterior pituitary