dhmm 200 exam 1

humanitarian

concerned with or seeking to promote human welfare; pertaining to the saving of human lives or the alleviation of suffering

committee of five

started red cross; henry dunant, gustave moynier, theodore maunoir, louis appia, guillaume henri dufour

henry dunant

neutrality for wounded soldiers and medical workers

sphere project and handbook

aims to include quality of humanitarian work; rights-based: right to assistance, right to life with dignity, right to protection and security, right to fully participate in decisions related to their own recovery

data disaggregation

separating data (make sure to consider and separate children, specifically: boys (coercion and child labor), girls (sex slaves and trafficking))

considerations of older people

capacities and vulnerabilities

considerations of gender

socially constructed ideas and roles; sex is specifically biological

considerations of persons with disabilities

accessibility, etc

moral principle of humanity

all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights

humanitarian imperative

action should be taken to prevent or alleviate human suffering arising out of disaster or conflict, and that nothing should override this principle

role of humanitarian actors

support community/local/state efforts; those with primary responsibility are not always fully able to perform this role themselves

right to life with dignity

adequate standard of living and to freedom from torture or cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment; more than physical well-being: respect for the whole person, including values and beliefs, respect for human rights including liberty, freedom of conscience, and religious observance

right to receive humanitarian access

where the state or non-state actors are not providing such assistance, they must allow others to help do so; impartiality; non-discrimination

impartiality

solely based on need and in proportion to need

non-discrimination

one should not be discriminated against on any grounds of status (age, gender, race, etc.)

right to protection and security

citizens and internally displaced people; civilians are supposed to be protected in armed conflict

refugee non-refoulment

no one shall be sent back to a country where their life, freedom, or physical security would be threatened or where they are likely to face torture or other cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment

MSF

doctors without borders

Purpose of protection principles

Support the rights in the Humanitarian charter, clarify roles that all humanitarian actors can (and must) play in protecting people

The government

Who ultimately holds legal responsibility for the welfare of people and for the safety of civilians in armed conflict

the role of humanitarian actors

Encourage and persuade the authority to fulfill their responsibilities, if they fail to do so, assist people in dealing with the consequences

Types of protection activities

Preventative, responsive, remedial, environment-building; all types include advocacy

Protection principle #1

Enhance people's safety, dignity, and rights and avoid exposing them to further harm

pieces of protection principle #1

understanding risk in context; reduce those risks to assistance provided; “first, do no harm” (in providing assistance) central idea; help build the capacity for self-protection

protection principle #2

ensure people’s access to impartial assistance, according to need and without discrimination

pieces of protection principle #2

challenge actions that deprive people of needs; ensure people get support based on need and nothing else is used to discriminate; ensure assistance for all parts of community; central idea - people have access to what they need; include and actively seek “hidden” at-risk groups

“hidden” at-risk groups

unseen, voiceless, overlooked, ignored; actively seek out

protection principle #3

assist people to recover from the physical and psychological effects of threatened or actual violence, coercion, or deliberate deprivation

pieces of protection principle #3

referring survivors to relevant services; stop further violence, coercion, or deprivation; support recovery of rights; coordination of assistance

reasons a victim nay not seek help after a violation

could be exacerbated by the circumstances; there must be a known system of reporting violations

protection principle #4

help people claim their rights

pieces of protection principle #4

support people in gaining their rights from g’vt and other sources; help secure documentation; advocate for full support of rights; key idea - people needs to understand their rights and entitlements; people are entitled to expect that perpetrators of violations will be brought to justice

core commitment #1

humanitarian response is appropriate and relevant

action of core commitment #1

assistance appropriate to their needs; response is appropriate and relevant; continually analyze context; design and implement programs based on this analysis; adapt to shifting demands; commit to impartial assistance; take diversity and other factors into consideration; have a true process for persistent analysis

core commitment #2

communities and people affected by crisis have access to the humanitarian assistance they need at the right time

action of core commitment #2

realistic and safe actions taken; act without unnecessary delay; refer unmet needs or advocate for needs to be addressed; monitor programs and adapt as necessary; keep commitments in line with capacity; set up policies to enforce commitment; response is effective and timely

core commitment #3

communities and people affected by crisis are not negatively affected and are more prepared, resilient, and less at-risk as a result of humanitarian action

action of core commitment #3

build on local capacities and increase resilience for community; use risk assessments and plans already prepared for community; develop locals to be able to be their own first responders; plan for exit early on; promote early recovery and seek to better local economy; identify and act quickly to relieve any unintended harm being caused; set up policies to avoid causing harm; have a means of protecting information

core commitment #4

communities and people affected by crisis know their rights and entitlements, have access to info, and participate in decisions that affect them

action of core commitment #4

provide information about organization to those affected (transparency); communicate info in ways that are appropriate for the audience; represent those affected throughout all stages of work; get feedback on satisfaction with response from a diverse group of those affected; have policies that enhance open communication and involvement of those affected; external communication is honest and presents those affected as dignified

core commitment #5

communities and people affected by crisis have access to safe and responsive mechanisms to handle complaints

action of core commitment #5

consult those affected on a process for complaints; welcome complaints and explain how they are reported; manage complaints efficiently with safety of complainant as top priority; complaint process is documented and active; culture created that emphasizes complaints taken seriously; communities are made aware of how humanitarian workers should behave; complaints are referred appropriately if they are outside scope

core commitment #6

communities and people affected by crisis receive coordinated, complementary assistance

actions of core commitment #6

identify the roles and capabilities of various organizations involved; ensure your work complements what else exists; participate within the bigger pic of humanitarian work (the cluster); share info with partners and other groups through appropriate channels; policies encourage coordination while sticking to commitments; agreements are in place that allow for coordination while maintaining independence

core commitment #7

communities and people affected by crisis can expect delivery of improved assistance as organization learns from experience and reflection

actions of core commitment #7

use knowledge from the past to impact future decisions; adapt based on all info received (monitoring, feedback, complaints, etc.); share knowledge gained with all involved; policies are in place that promote evaluation and learning; means of recording knowledge and experiences are in place; contribute to overall humanitarian learning and growth

core commitment #8

communities and people affected by crisis receive assistance they require from competent and well-managed staff and volunteers

actions of core commitment #8

staff work according to expectations in place; adhere to policies and understand what happens if they break them; understand how they are meant to fulfill their jobs; there is enough staff (with the right skills and knowledge) to complete objectives; staff policies are fair and reasonable; expectations for staff are clear from job description forward; code of conduct in place; encourage staff development (growth); policies protect staff (safety and well-being)

core commitment #9

communities and people affected by crisis can expect that the organization assisting them are managing resources effectively, efficiently, and ethically

actions of core commitment #9

design programs that efficiently use resources; have people/resources in the right places to not increase waste; monitor and report budget; consider environment impact in use of resources; manage potential corruption risks; policies in place for anything to do with money, agreements, and other components here

WASH

water, sanitation, and hygiene; everyone has a right to water and sanitation; in these situations, vulnerability is high

main pathways for pathogens to infect humans

feces, fluids, fingers, flies, food

standard 1.1

hygiene promotion

indicators of standard 1.1

% of people who:

• can describe 3 measures to prevent disease

• can describe 2 key handwashing times

• use handwashing after toilet

• have soap/water at home

• collect water from appropriate areas

• store water in clean & closed containers

  • dispose of excreta safely

3 things that have the greatest impact on preventing disease transmission

excreta management/disposal; handwashing; use of safe water

locations of handwashing facilities

eating areas and bathroom areas

considerations in promoting toilet use

privacy, safety, cultural taboos

standard 1.2

identification, access to, and use of hygiene items

indicators of standard 1.2

2 water containers per household (10-20L); 250g of soap for bathing per person per month'; 200g of soap for laundry per person per month; soap/water at handwashing stations; means of disposing children’s feces; hygiene items that are able to be purchased and used

for all standards

consider supporting local markets and ensure distribution is known and potentially coordinated

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standard 1.3

menstrual hygiene management and incontinence

indicators for standard 1.3

% of appropriate populations who

• have access to menstrual hygiene materials

• have access to incontinence materials

• are satisfied with materials

supplies for menstrual hygiene and incontinence

incontinence: 5 times as much soap/water for carers also

menstrual: absorbent cotton material (4 sq meters per year) or disposable pads (15 per month) or reusable sanitary pad (6 per year)

standard 2.1

access and water quantity

water quantity and quality

underlying cause of most public health problems in crisis situations

quantity

priority is to provide ______ of water

indicators of standard 2.1

minimum of 15 liters per person/day; people per water source: 250-500 depending on type and flow of water; laundry facility: 100; bathing facility: 50; 5% or less income spent on water; % of people who know where water is coming from; distance to waterpoint

7\.5L per person/day

acute phase of drought, ____ could be appropriate

50L per person/day

urban, middle-income area, _____ could be appropriate

standard 2.2

water quality

indicators of standard 2.2

% of people collecting water form good sources, % of people storing appropriately every time; % of water that meets standard for quality

chain of water quality to be managed

waterpoint, collection, storage, water quality

HWTSS

household-level water treatment and safe storage; includes boiling, chlorination, filtration

standard 3.1

environment free from human excreta; should be a top priority

toilet

any facility or device that immediately contains excreta and creates the first barrier between people and the waste

excreta

waste matter discharged from the body, especially feces, urine, and menstrual waste

indicators of standard 3.1

no feces where people live, work, and learn; excreta facilities are appropriate (away from groundwater, etc)

excreta-related infections

commonly higher among children; children’s feces commonly more dangerous than adults

standard 3.2

access to and use of toilets

indicators of standard 3.2

max people per toilet: 20; max distance from household: 50m; internal locks and lighting; reported as safe by women and girls; satisfaction with menstrual hygiene option available at toilets

appropriate toilets

safe for everyone; security risks minimized; not too far; privacy; easy to use and clean; doesn’t harm environment; enough space; inside locks; water for flushing and handwashing; menstrual and incontinence needs considered; minimize fly and mosquito breeding; minimize smell

standard 3.3

management and maintenance of excreta collection, transport, disposal, and treatment

indicator

all human excreta is disposed of in a manner safe to public health and the environment

desludging

the removal or (untreated and partially treated) excreta from the pit, vault, or tank, and transport to an off-site treatment and disposal facility

standard 4.1

vector control at settlement level; people live in an environment where vector breeding and feeding sites are targeted to reduce the risks of vector-related problems

indicator of standard 4.1

% of breeding sites where vector life cycle is disrupted

endemic

area where a disease is most common

biological controls

ex: introducing fish into water to eat mosquito eggs

environmental engineering controls

ex: ensuring drainage

chemical controls

ex: spraying to kill mosquitos

standard 4.2

household and personal actions to control vectors

indicators of standard 4.2

% of people that understand disease transmission from vectors and how to control these problems at the household level; % who have food storage protection; % who actually take actions to reduce issues

standard 5.1

environment free from solid waste (trash)

indicator of standard 5.1

no solid waste accumulating around designated neighborhood or communal public collection points

must be provided for waste handlers

minimum: gloves; additionally: soap & water for hands & face, boots, and protective masks; when necessary: immunizations for tetanus and hep b

standard 5.2

household and personal actions to safely manage solid waste (trash)

indicators of standard 5.2

% of households with solid waste collection points appropriately distant; % of households reporting appropriate waste storage at home

standard 5.3

community level of solid waste management

indicators of standard 5.3

schools, public markets, and other centers have appropriate waste storage, waste pits or incinerators at such locations are managed safely

why market waste could be harder to control

unpredictable, issues of ownership: who’s cleaning up after and taking ownership of messes