The Complexity of Human Movement

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36 Terms

1

What is one of the nervous system’s key functions?

Enables us to interact usefully with our environment.

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2

The neuroscience of _________ is fundamental to the practice of physical therapy

motor control

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3

What are the 2 divisions of the PNS?

autonomic and somatic nervous systems

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4

What are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system and their functions?

sympathetic (arousing), parasympathetic (calming)

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5

What are the 2 divisions of the somatic nervous system?

sensory and motor

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6

What does reflex theory state?

there is a stereotypical reflex response to a specific stimulus, reflexes can be chained to create complexity

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7

what are some limitations of reflex theory?

doesn’t explain movement without stimuli, fast movements, multiple responses to the same stimulus, or production of new movements

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8

What does hierarchal theory state?

Control is from the top down and each level controls level below it

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9

what are some limitations of reflex theory?

responses are the same regardless of goal; doesn’t explain movement without stimuli, bottom up behaviors, or novel movements

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10

What was the first theory to suggest that motor control is not reactive?

motor program theory

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11

what does motor program theory state?

movements may be elicited by a stimulus or intrinsically by a central process (without afferent stimuli)

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12

what are some limitations of motor program theory?

too many distinct actions for the nervous system to store, does not explain variation

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13

What does the dynamical systems theory consider?

how the individual moves within their environment

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14

what are the components of dynamical systems theory?

degrees of freedom, distributed control, muscle synergies, self-organization, nonlinear behavior, variability

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15

what complicates degrees of freedom?

internal and external forces working on the body

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16

multiple different strategies that can be used to perform the same goal refers to….

degrees of freedom

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17

systems work together and produce movement through self-orginization

distributed control

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18

is distributed control hierarical?

no

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19

muscles working together with proper timing and aplitude to produce movement

muscle synergy

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20

synergies ___________ the computational load of the nervous system

reduce

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21

when the system of parts comes together, its elements behave in an ordered way w/o specific commands

self-orginization

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22

what does non-linear behavior mean?

when a specific criterion is reached the behavior changes (ex: walk, jog, run)

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23

name for preffered patterns in well-learned tasks

attractor state

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24

what is the focus of ecological thory?

how actions enable us to interact w/ the environment, emphasis on active exploration

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25

which motor control theory is correct?

no single theory is perfect, remember individual, task, environment

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26

light is an example of a _________ factor in the environment

non-regulatory

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27

an uneven floor is an example of a __________ factor in the environment

regulatory

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28

what tasks on the perception-action continuum are considered perception?

sensing and perceiving

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29

what tasks on the perception-action continuum are considered cognition?

interpreting, conceptulizing, planning

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30

what tasks on the perception-action continuum are considered action?

Activating, executing

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31

what does a feedforward mechanism do?

create a plan before execution of a task

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32

what does a feedback mechanism do?

compare the plan to the result and enable correction

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33

what steps on the perception Action continuum are feedback?

sensing, perceiving, interpreting

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34

what steps on the perception Action continuum are feedforward?

conceptualizing, planning, activating, executing

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35

what does knowledge of performance feedback do?

describes how a task was performed

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36

what does knowledge of results feedback do?

describes whether the task was successfully completed

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