Studied by 3 people
What are the 3 qualifications of the instinct theories?
behavior has to be unlearned
behavior has to be unified in behavior (how behavior is done)
behavior has to be universal in a species (weather or not a behavior happens)
Do humans qualify for the instinct theories?
No; there is a variety/learned process
What does Drive mean in psychology?
internal state of tension we are motivated to reduce
When does the drive theory work best?
basic biological needs (except for priming of appetite)
What are the Maslows hierarchy of needs (least important to most important)?
self-actualization, aesthetic, cognitive, esteem, belongingness and love, safety and security, and phsiological
Obesity is affected by
external cues
What does need for affiliation (nAff) mean?
the need to establish and maintain positive social relationships
low affiliation equals
separation
high affiliation equals
togetherness
What does need for intimacy (NInt) mean?
how close you are with others
What does need for achievement (nAch) mean?
the need to do well on task
What are the 3 components of emotion?
cognitive (interpretation, attribution)
physiological (galvanic skin response, polygraph)
behavioral (face expressions)
What are the 6 universal face expressions?
happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, and disgust
What does the James-Lange theory believe?
physiological arousal → emotion
What does the Cannon-Bard theory believe?
emotion → physical arousal
What is Schachter’s Two-Factor theory of emotion state?
physiological arousal and attribution leads to an emotional response
What do psychologist use to measure the eyesight of newborns/toddlers?
visual cliffs (table + glass)
At what age do toddlers won’t cross the visual cliffs?
6 months old
What is the vision of a newborn?
20/500
A baby can track moving objects at what age?
2 months old
A baby can visually recognize its caregiver at what age?
3 months old
What is the vision of a 6 month old human?
20/100
What is the vision of a 4-year-old human?
20/20
What is cross-sectional research?
research that involves measuring one sample of people of variety of ages at the same time
What is longitudinal research?
research where a participant starts at a certain age and brings the same participant back for study over a course of time
What does temperament mean in psychology?
mood, activity, and emotional reactivity
What does an easy temperament mean?
good mood, regular eating and sleeping habits; 40% of babies have this temperament
What does an slow-to-warm-up temperament mean?
takes a while to adapt to change, irregular sleeping and eating habits; 15% of babies have this temperament
What does an difficult temperament mean?
the baby does not adapt to change, extremely hard to handle; 10% of babies have this temperament
What does a secure attachment mean?
a sense of trust between infant and caregiver
What does a anxious-ambivalent attachment mean?
having both a positive and negative infant-caregiver relationship
What does avoidant attachment mean?
having an indifferent infant-caregiver relationship
How does a Thematic Apperception Test work?
you show a picture to a subject and tell them to describe the past, present, and future and ask them what they are thinking and feeling in the picture (projective aspect)
What is a cephalocaudal trend?
gaining control of upper body and then work down (head to foot)
What are Ericksons 8 stages of psychosocial crisis?
Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1)
Shame and Doubt vs Automany (1-2)
Initiave vs Guilt (3-6)
Industry vs Inferiority (6-puberty)
Identity vs Confusion (adolescent yrs.)
Intimacy vs Isolation (early adulthood)
Generativity vs Self Absorbtion (middle adulthood)
Integrity vs Despair (aging years)
What does Incitive vs Guilt explain?
social relationships with intermediate family members (3-6)
What does Industry vs Inferiority explain?
forming relationships with other people (6-puberty)
What does Identity vs Confusion explain?
what kind of person you want to be (adolescent yrs.)
What does Intimacy vs Isolation explain?
adult relationships with other people
What does Generativity vs Self Absorbtion explain?
concern of future generations or not (middle adulthood)
What does integrity vs Despair explain?
being content with life or not (aging years)
What are the pros and cons of Eriksons stage theory?
nice transitions, poor generalizability, and does not explain individual differences
What did Piaget stage theory of Cognitive Development say?
he believed different stages of development forms different stages of thought
What does sensonmotor development mean?
learning the 5 senses and how to physically control themselves, object permanence (0-2)
What does preoperational development mean?
suffer from centration, irreversibility, egocentrism (2-7)
What does concrete operational development mean?
understands conservation, reversibility, lack of egocentrism (7-11)
What does Formal Operational development mean?
being able to think in abstract concepts
Who is Kohlberg and what did he believe?
he created the development of moral reasoning theory and he believed that how we think about moral issues change as we age
What are the six stages of Kohlberg’s Moral Reasoning stage theory?
Punishment orientation (am i going to get punished)
Reward Orientation (what good can result from this)
Good-Boy/Good-Girl Orientation (social approval of other people)
Authority Orientation (ridgid adherence to the rules)
Social Contract Orientation (adjusting the law/flexibility)
Individual principle and Coincidence (influenced by the society the person is raised in)
Cognative changes occur at
age 60
Older people suffer in
speed processing
What are cardinal traits?
traits of genuine service and good deeds; Mother Teresa
What are central traits?
most people have 5-10 main traits
What are secondary traits?
traits that are situation specific
What is the 5 Factor Model (OCEAN)?
Neuroticism - worry, anxiousness
Extraversion - enjoying the presence of people
Openness to Experience - willingness to experience/try new things
Agreeableness - emotional warmth towards other people; modesty
Conscientiousness - do best effort at tasks, orderly, neat, reliable
People with high neuroticism tend to
worry more
What are the 3 components of personality according to Freud?
Id - seeks to satisfy pleasureful desires
Ego - If, Then; cares about consequences
Super Ego - sense of morality (right and wrong)
What does Rationalization mean?
justifying unacceptable behavior
What does Repression mean?
defense mechanism that unconsciously excludes painful or unacceptable experiences, impulses, memories, and thoughts from the conscious mind
What does Projection mean?
projection negative thoughts about self to others
What does Displacement mean?
destructive redirection of negative energy or emotion
What does Reaction Formation mean?
denying unacceptable impulse or desire w/ reversable actions
What does Regression mean?
reverting to childlike behavior
What does Identification mean?
forming emotional bond with people or group
What does Sublimination mean?
constructive redirection of negative energy or emotion
What do humanist think about personality development?
the believe that personality is urged by self-concept
What is Sheldon’s body type Biological theory?
Endomorph (overweight) = Sociable, affectionate, even-tempered
Mesomorph (mucsley;lean) = Energetic, bold, aggressive
Ectomorph (skinny) = Introverted, self-conscious, intellectual
What are the 3 main personality traits according to Eysenk?
Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Psychoticism
What did Skinner Behavioral Theories infer?
personalities = stable response pattern tied to various stimuli, shaping decides a persons personality, we are a product of our environment (reinforcements), we have no free will
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Flashcard (141)