Psy exam 4

What are the 3 qualifications of the instinct theories?

1. behavior has to be unlearned
2. behavior has to be unified in behavior (how behavior is done)
3. behavior has to be universal in a species (weather or not a behavior happens)

Do humans qualify for the instinct theories?

No; there is a variety/learned process

What does Drive mean in psychology?

internal state of tension we are motivated to reduce

When does the drive theory work best?

basic biological needs (except for priming of appetite)

What are the Maslows hierarchy of needs (least important to most important)?

self-actualization, aesthetic, cognitive, esteem, belongingness and love, safety and security, and phsiological

Obesity is affected by

external cues

What does need for affiliation (nAff) mean?

the need to establish and maintain positive social relationships

low affiliation equals

separation

high affiliation equals

togetherness

What does need for intimacy (NInt) mean?

how close you are with others

What does need for achievement (nAch) mean?

the need to do well on task

What are the 3 components of emotion?

1. cognitive (interpretation, attribution)
2. physiological (galvanic skin response, polygraph)
3. behavioral (face expressions)

What are the 6 universal face expressions?

happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, and disgust

What does the James-Lange theory believe?

physiological arousal → emotion

What does the Cannon-Bard theory believe?

emotion → physical arousal

What is Schachter’s Two-Factor theory of emotion state?

physiological arousal and attribution leads to an emotional response

What do psychologist use to measure the eyesight of newborns/toddlers?

visual cliffs (table + glass)

At what age do toddlers won’t cross the visual cliffs?

6 months old

What is the vision of a newborn?

20/500

A baby can track moving objects at what age?

2 months old

A baby can visually recognize its caregiver at what age?

3 months old

What is the vision of a 6 month old human?

20/100

What is the vision of a 4-year-old human?

20/20

What is cross-sectional research?

research that involves measuring one sample of people of variety of ages at the same time

What is longitudinal research?

research where a participant starts at a certain age and brings the same participant back for study over a course of time

What does temperament mean in psychology?

mood, activity, and emotional reactivity

What does an easy temperament mean?

good mood, regular eating and sleeping habits; 40% of babies have this temperament

What does an slow-to-warm-up temperament mean?

takes a while to adapt to change, irregular sleeping and eating habits; 15% of babies have this temperament

What does an difficult temperament mean?

the baby does not adapt to change, extremely hard to handle; 10% of babies have this temperament

What does a secure attachment mean?

a sense of trust between infant and caregiver

What does a anxious-ambivalent attachment mean?

having both a positive and negative infant-caregiver relationship

What does avoidant attachment mean?

having an indifferent infant-caregiver relationship

How does a Thematic Apperception Test work?

you show a picture to a subject and tell them to describe the past, present, and future and ask them __what they are thinking and feeling in the picture__ (projective aspect)

What is a cephalocaudal trend?

gaining control of upper body and then work down (head to foot)

What are Ericksons 8 stages of psychosocial crisis?

1. Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1)
2. Shame and Doubt vs Automany (1-2)
3. Initiave vs Guilt (3-6)
4. Industry vs Inferiority (6-puberty)
5. Identity vs Confusion (adolescent yrs.)
6. Intimacy vs Isolation (early adulthood)
7. Generativity vs Self Absorbtion (middle adulthood)
8. Integrity vs Despair (aging years)

What does Incitive vs Guilt explain?

social relationships with intermediate family members (3-6)

What does Industry vs Inferiority explain?

forming relationships with other people (6-puberty)

What does Identity vs Confusion explain?

what kind of person you want to be (adolescent yrs.)

What does Intimacy vs Isolation explain?

adult relationships with other people

What does Generativity vs Self Absorbtion explain?

concern of future generations or not (middle adulthood)

What does integrity vs Despair explain?

being content with life or not (aging years)

What are the pros and cons of Eriksons stage theory?

nice transitions, poor generalizability, and does not explain individual differences

What did Piaget stage theory of Cognitive Development say?

he believed different stages of development forms different stages of thought

What does sensonmotor development mean?

learning the 5 senses and how to physically control themselves, object permanence (0-2)

What does preoperational development mean?

suffer from centration, irreversibility, egocentrism (2-7)

What does concrete operational development mean?

understands conservation, reversibility, lack of egocentrism (7-11)

What does Formal Operational development mean?

being able to think in abstract concepts

Who is Kohlberg and what did he believe?

he created the development of moral reasoning theory and he believed that how we think about moral issues change as we age

What are the six stages of Kohlberg’s Moral Reasoning stage theory?

1. Punishment orientation (am i going to get punished)
2. Reward Orientation (what good can result from this)
3. Good-Boy/Good-Girl Orientation (social approval of other people)
4. Authority Orientation (ridgid adherence to the rules)
5. Social Contract Orientation (adjusting the law/flexibility)
6. Individual principle and Coincidence (influenced by the society the person is raised in)

Cognative changes occur at

age 60

Older people suffer in

speed processing

What are cardinal traits?

traits of genuine service and good deeds; Mother Teresa

What are central traits?

most people have 5-10 main traits

What are secondary traits?

traits that are situation specific

What is the 5 Factor Model (OCEAN)?

1. Neuroticism - worry, anxiousness
2. Extraversion - enjoying the presence of people
3. Openness to Experience - willingness to experience/try new things
4. Agreeableness - emotional warmth towards other people; modesty
5. Conscientiousness - do best effort at tasks, orderly, neat, reliable

People with high neuroticism tend to

worry more

What are the 3 components of personality according to Freud?

1. Id - seeks to satisfy pleasureful desires
2. Ego - If, Then; cares about consequences
3. Super Ego - sense of morality (right and wrong)

What does Rationalization mean?

justifying unacceptable behavior

What does Repression mean?

defense mechanism that unconsciously excludes painful or unacceptable experiences, impulses, memories, and thoughts from the conscious mind

What does Projection mean?

projection negative thoughts about self to others

What does Displacement mean?

destructive redirection of negative energy or emotion

What does Reaction Formation mean?

denying unacceptable impulse or desire w/ reversable actions

What does Regression mean?

reverting to childlike behavior

What does Identification mean?

forming emotional bond with people or group

What does Sublimination mean?

constructive redirection of negative energy or emotion

What do humanist think about personality development?

the believe that personality is urged by self-concept

What is Sheldon’s body type Biological theory?

1. Endomorph (overweight) = Sociable, affectionate, even-tempered
2. Mesomorph (mucsley;lean) = Energetic, bold, aggressive
3. Ectomorph (skinny) = Introverted, self-conscious, intellectual

What are the 3 main personality traits according to Eysenk?

Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Psychoticism

What did Skinner Behavioral Theories infer?

personalities = stable response pattern tied to various stimuli, shaping decides a persons personality, we are a product of our environment (reinforcements), we have no free will