Phases of Nursing Research Process

What are the five phases of the Nursing Research Process?

1. Conceptual Phase 2. Designing and Planning Phase 3. Empirical / Implementation Phase 4. Analytical Phase 5. Dissemination and Utilization

What is the focus of the Empirical / Implementation Phase in nursing research?

Data Gathering, which includes both Quantitative and Qualitative Data.

What are the methods of data collection in quantitative research?

1. Self-reports/Patient-reported outcomes 2. Observational methods 3. Biomarkers

What are the two key aspects of data quality in quantitative research?

Reliability and Validity.

What is the purpose of statistical analysis in quantitative research?

1. Describe the data 2. Estimate population values 3. Test hypotheses 4. Provide evidence regarding measurement properties of quantified variables.

What are the four major levels of measurement in statistics, from lowest to highest?

1. Nominal measurement 2. Ordinal measurement 3. Interval measurement 4. Ratio measurement.

What is an example of a nominally measured variable?

Gender (e.g., females = 1, males = 2, other = 3).

How does ordinal measurement rank individuals?

It ranks people on an attribute, such as ability to perform activities of daily living (ADL).

What is an example of an interval measure?

The Stanford-Binet Intelligence (IQ) test.

What distinguishes ratio measurement from interval measurement?

Ratio measurement has a meaningful zero and provides information about the absolute magnitude of the attribute.

What are categorical variables?

Variables with nominal and ordinal measurements.

What are continuous variables?

Variables with interval and ratio measurements.

What are descriptive statistics used for?

To synthesize and describe data.

What are the three measures of central tendency?

1. Mean - average 2. Median - middle 3. Mode - common.

What does standard deviation indicate?

How much, on average, scores deviate from the mean.

What is the purpose of inferential statistics?

To make inferences about the population.

What is the function of t-tests in inferential statistics?

To compare two groups of people on an outcome.

What is ANOVA used for?

To test mean group differences of three or more groups.

What are post hoc tests used for in ANOVA?

To isolate the differences between group means that result in the rejection of the overall null hypothesis.

What is the purpose of the Chi-Squared Test (χ2)?

To test hypotheses about differences in proportions.

What do correlation coefficients measure?

They test hypotheses about population correlations.

What is multiple regression analysis used for?

To understand the effect of two or more predictor variables on a continuous dependent variable.

What does ANCOVA control for in statistical analysis?

Confounding variables (covariates) before testing differences in group means.

What is logistic regression used for?

To predict an outcome that is dichotomous based on two or more predictor variables.

What are the key components of qualitative data management and organization?

1. Developing a coding scheme 2. Coding qualitative data 3. Methods of organizing qualitative data 4. Analytic procedures.

What are some methods of qualitative analysis mentioned?

1. Qualitative Content Analysis 2. Thematic Analysis 3. Ethnographic Analysis 4. Phenomenological Analysis 5. Grounded Theory Analysis.

What are the three approaches to Grounded Theory Analysis?

1. Glaser's Grounded Theory Method 2. Strauss and Corbin's Approach 3. Constructivist Grounded Theory Approach.