Lecture 8 - Grapes Fermentation Food & Biofuels Study DAILY

Fermentation of plant materials are

alcohol, biofuels, & food

Plant Families are

Vitaceae

Alcohol is

The ethanol in alcoholic beverages is produced from the fermentation of plant sugars and starches

Biofuels are

Ethanol-based: Ethanol from fermented starch/sugar Ethanol from fermented sugar resulting from the breakdown of cellulose Biodiesel: diesel fuel derived from lipids from animals, plants, algae

Grapes are the __ most valued CA commodity

2nd

Vitus vinifera are

grapes

Grapes Leaves are __ and __

simple - stipulate

Climbing woody vines

w/ attaching tendrils opposite the leaves

Tendrils are __

modified shoots

Phyllotaxy

alternate leaves

Grape flowers are arranged on an

inflorescence

An inflorescence is a

group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem

What plant species from Module I have a berry as its fruit?

What plant species from Module I has an inflorescence?

What plant species from Module I have simple leaves?

Fabaceae, Lauraceae, Rutaceae, Solanaceae

The early inflorescence has flowers

that are __

encased by their petals.

The encasing petals are called __

calyptra (flower cap)

Is this a perfect or imperfect flower?

It is a perfect flower

Grapes are a __ acreage, __ crop

small - specialty

What is the definition of specialty crop?

fruits and vegetables, tree nuts, dried fruits, horticulture and nursery crops

3,000 CA growers produce __

100% of US raisins

CA is __ producer of raisins in the world

#1

Grapes are a __

multi-seeded, fleshy berry

Seedless grapes are from __

a natural mutation

Grapes contain:

antioxidants

Raisins are dried in the sun however, California Golden Seedless are __

mechanically dried & processed.

Grape juice has a lot of __

sugar

The fruit juice can be marketed as “100% natural” and “no sugar added”. It is indeed 100% fruit juice. But __ is a bit deceptive. Sugar is added as grape juice = “natural”

“no sugar added”

Many grapes are __ to established rootstocks (__; an example of __)

grafted - clonal propagation - asexual propagation

Rootstocks are chosen based on their ability to: grow well in the __

soil of a region

Rootstocks are chosen based on their ability to: resist root infestation by the __ (aphid).

Phylloxera

Grafting is also a fast way to change grape scion type grafting to 3-yr-old vines produce__

fruit within one season

Grapes can have __

two graft unions

Grapes are also propagated with __ (another type of __)

shoot cuttings - clonal propagation & asexual reproduction

Shoots have polarity and are __

cut asymmetrically

Ends dedifferentiate (reverse shoot status) and make a __

callus

Only __ exceed US production of wine

Italy, France and Spain

__with 4795 wineries in 2022.

CA led the nation

Where is wine grown in CA?

Primarily coastal counties in Northern, Central and Southern CA (Temecula)

__ include water sprays, orchard pots, and

wind machines (in certain circumstances)

Methods to control frost damage

Ethanolic fermentation (Yeast)

 Malolactic fermentation (Bacterium)

Wine production

Yeast is for __

Ethanolic Fermentation

Bacteria is for __

Malolactic Fermentation

Starch, Glucose, Ethanol

Ethanolic

Historically, intentionally fermented drinks were __

safer than water.

__ & limits growth of “bad microorganisms”

Fermentation lowers sugar content

Ethanol is a __

preservative

__: purification of a fluid by heating and cooling

Distillation

Ethanol (a __) boils at a lower temperature than most other molecules in

the mix and becomes a gas

volatile

Biofuels are __ and are energy rich

fuels derived from biological materials

They are to conventional fossil-based fuels (petroleum, natural gas, coal, etc.), which are not renewable

alternatives

Unlike fossil fuels, biofuels are __

renewable

Alternative to U.S. __ on fuels from international sources

reliance

The biofuels __ and __ can be mixed with diesel or gasoline, respectively, to power cars or biodiesel can be used on its

own

biodiesel - ethanol

Fats → Biodiesel

Oil-based

Carbohydrates → Ethanol

Sugar/Starch-based

Carbohydrates → Ethanol

Cellulose-based

Fats and oils are the __ in plants and animals

major stored energy source

__ backbone + 3 __

Glycerol - fatty acids (triglycerides)

Vegetable oils (__) → Biodiesel

seeds

Soy biodiesel __

yields more energy than the fossil fuel needed to produce it (> 4-fold)

Biodiesel vehicles produce _ than petroleum diesel

74% fewer CO2 emissions

When __ burn, they release only

as much CO2 as was used to make

them by photosynthesis

biofuels

BUT, there are additional “costs”

(__) in this model due to

energy used in the __ of the feedstock

to make biodiesel or bioethanol.

greenhouse gases - processing and transporting (red stars)

__ are made from carbohydrates (macronutrients).

Ethanol-based biofuels

1st-generation bioethanol

__from starch or sugar

Ethanol

2nd-generation bioethanol __ cellulose

Ethanol made from

Crops with 1st gen ethanol

Sugarcane, Maize (corn), Wheat, Sorghum, Cassava

Crops with Biodiesel

Soybean (legume)

Bioethanol is made from __ in first generation feedstocks (ie., corn seeds) and __ in 2nd generation feedstocks (ie., switch grass)

starch - cellulose

Only the __ (rich in sugar and starch) is used for bioethanol.

corn seed

__ (fertilizers, herbicides, transport to the processing plants) for

bioethanol production

High-energy inputs

Until recently, there were massive U.S. government __ to promote bioethanol production

subsidies

Non-food crops are the __ (members of the

Poaecae)

2nd -generation biofuel feedstocks

US corn __ changed (not as profitable to make biofuels)

ethanol policy subsidy

__ gluts fossil fuel market with cheap methane (primary component of “natural gas”)

Hydro-fracking

We still strongly depend on __ (non-

renewable)

fossil fuels, which are limited and not replaceable

Feedstocks are from __

non-food plants

What is the difference between a perennial vs annual plant?

Perennials grow back yearly and annuals must be replanted

2nd-generation biofuels use __ (complex carbohydrate) to make ethanol

cellulose

__ that are used as food for the seedling as it first develops

Cotyledons (seed leaves) store proteins, carbohydrates and oils

__ (two cotyledons)

Eudicots and Magnoliids

(one cotyledon)

Monocots

__ are eudicots (Rutaceae, Fabaceae, Vitaceae")

Majority of flowering plants (65%)

page 63

__ in US are produced in CA

All dates

Date palms are __:

dioecious - female trees and male trees

Date palms are naturally pollinated by the

wind/insects