NURS 215 FINAL: electrolytes part 2

what is normal calcium range?

8.5 to 10.5

what does calcium do for the body?

helps build strong bones and teeth and allows muscles to contract

what is released when calcium is low?

parathyroid hormone

what is released when calcium is high?

calcitonin

what are the main causes of hypocalcemia?

vitamin d deficiency, low pth, kidney disease, malabsorption disorders, hypoalbuminemia

what is the pathophysiology of hypocalcemia?

low vitamin d or pth causes decreased calcium absorption from food and decreased calcium released from bones

what are the symptoms of hypocalcemia?

paresthesias, tetany, muscle twitching, laryngeal spasms, dysrhythmias, bone pain, and increased bleeding

what are the two pathological findings for hypocalcemia?

positive trousseau's and chvostek's signs

what are the causes of hypercalcemia?

hyperparathyroidism, cancer, excess vitamin d

what is the pathophysiology of hypercalcemia?

excessive pth increases bone reabsorption and renal and intestinal absorptions of calcium

what are the main symptoms of hypercalcemia?

decreased level of consciousness, bradycardia, dysrhythmias, constipation, kidney stones

what is the normal magnesium level?

1.5 to 2.5

what are the causes of hypomagnesemia?

gi losses, renal losses, poor dietary intake, pancreatitis

what is the pathophysiology of hypomagnesemia?

low intake or high renal/gi losses causes decreased magnesium levels. it disrupts enzyme systems and electrolyte balance. leads to increased nerve and muscle excitability

what are the main symptoms of hypomagnesemia?

hyperreflexia, tremors, tetany, tachycardia, nausea, vomiting, confusion, irritability

what are the main causes of hypermagnesemia?

kidney failure, excess magnesium containing medications, diabetic ketoacidosis, hypothyroidism, rhabdomylosis

what is the pathophysiology of hypermagnesemia?

high magnesium blocks calcium at neuromuscular junction which leads to reduced nerve or muscle activity. causes vasodilation and slows heart's electrical system

what are the main symptoms of hypermagnesemia?

flushing/warmth, decreased reflexes, muscle paralysis, respiratory depression, hypotension, bradycardia

what is the normal phosphorus range?

2.5 to 4.5

what two electrolytes are intertwined?

calcium and phosphorus. when phosphorus increases, calcium decreases and vice versa

what are the symptoms and causes of hypophosphatemia?

it mimics hypercalcemia. muscle weakness, confusion, decreased reflexes. caused by malabsorption, diarrhea, and antacid use

what are the symptoms and causes of hyperphosphatemia?

it mimics hypocalcemia. muscle cramps, tingling. caused by renal failure

what is the normal chloride range?

95 to 105

what electrolyte works with sodium?

chloride. they usually change in the same directions

what are the causes of hyperchloremia?

dehydration, kidney problems, and excess saline. can lead to metabolic acidosis

what are the causes of hypochloremia?

vomiting, diarrhea, kidney diseases. can lead to metabolic alkalosis