Key Terms Chapter 20/21

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41 Terms

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Oliver Howard

  • Union general

  • head of the Freedmen's Bureau

  • aiding freed men during Reconstruction.

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Andrew Johnson

  • 17th U.S. President; succeeded Lincoln; clashed with Congress over Reconstruction policies

  • 1st president to be impeached

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Thaddeus Stevens

  • Radical Republican leader

  • advocating for strict Reconstruction policies and civil rights for freedmen.

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Hiram Revels

First African American U.S. Senator, representing Mississippi during Reconstruction.

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Edwin Stanton

Lincoln’s Secretary of War; his dismissal by Johnson led to Johnson's impeachment trial.

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Freedmen's Bureau

Federal agency providing aid (education, housing, jobs) to freed slaves and war refugees.

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Wade-Davis Bill

  • Proposed strict Reconstruction plan

  • requiring 50% loyalty oaths

  • vetoed by Lincoln.

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'Seward's Folly'

Purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867; criticized initially but later valued for resources.

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Black Codes

  • Southern laws restricting African Americans' rights

  • aiming to maintain white dominance post-Civil War.

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Sharecropping

  • Agricultural system

  • freedmen and poor whites farmed landowners' land for a share of the crops.

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Civil Rights Act (1866)

First federal law granting citizenship and equal rights to African Americans.

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Pacific Railroad Act

Legislation promoting the construction of the transcontinental railroad.

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Redeemers

Southern Democrats who sought to end Reconstruction and Restore white supremacy.

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14th Amendment

Granted citizenship to all born in the U.S., including former slaves, and guaranteed equal protection under the law and due processes

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15th Amendment

Prohibited voting discrimination based on race, color, or previous servitude.

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Scalawags

Southern whites who supported Reconstruction and the Republican Party.

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Force Acts

  • Laws aiming to curb Ku Klux Klan violence

  • protect African American rights during Reconstruction.

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'Swing Around the Circle'

Johnson's failed speaking tour to rally support against Radical Republicans in Congress.

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Military Reconstruction

Division of the South into military districts to enforce laws and aid Reconstruction.

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Ex parte Milligan

Supreme Court decision limiting the use of military tribunals in areas where civil courts were operational.

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Carpetbaggers

Northern individuals who moved South during Reconstruction to pursue opportunities or aid reform efforts.

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Tenure of Office Act

Law restricting the President's power to dismiss certain officeholders without Senate approval; central to Johnson's impeachment.

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Robert E. Lee

Confederate general commanding the Army of Northern Virginia.

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Thomas 'Stonewall' JaCkson

Skilled Confederate general, earned his nickname at the First Battle of Bull Run.

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Ulysses Grant

Union general who led the Union to victory; later the 18th U.S. President.

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George McClellan

Union general known for cautious tactics at Antietam; later ran unsuccessfully for president in 1864.

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William Sherman

  • Union general known for 'Sherman’s March’

  • a campaign of total war in the South.

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George Meade

Union general who led forces to victory at the Battle of Gettysburg.

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Salmon Chase

  • U.S. Treasury Secretary under Lincoln

  • Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.

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John Wilkes Booth

Actor and Confederate sympathizer who assassinated President Abraham Lincoln.

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Merrimack/Monitor

  • Ironclad ships that fought in the Civil War’s first naval battle

  • new era of naval warfare.

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Battle of Bull Run

First major battle of the Civil War, ending in a Confederate victory.

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Emancipation Proclamation

Lincoln’s 1863 declaration freeing slaves in Confederate states.

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13th Amendment

Abolished slavery in the United States.

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COpperheads

Northern Democrats who opposed the Civil War and advocated for peace with the Confederacy.

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Battle of Antietam

Bloodiest single-day battle of the Civil War; led to the Emancipation Proclamation.

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Siege of ViCksburg

Union victory that split the Confederacy and gave control of the Mississippi River to the Union.

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Battle of Gettysburg

Turning point of the Civil War; a major Union victory in Pennsylvania.

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Gettysburg Address

Lincoln’s speech emphasizing national unity and equality during the Civil War.

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Sherman’s MarCh

  • Union campaign of destruction through Georgia and the Carolinas

  • weaken the Confederacy.

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Reform Bill of 1867

Confederate states had to rewrite state constitutions to be readmitted.Â