AP HuG - FINAL EXAM!!!

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Scale

C1K1 Relationship between places studied and Earth.

Cartography

C1K1 The science of map making.

Remote sensing

Acquisition of data from a long distance.
RS: gets data -> GIS: houses data -> GPS: applies data.

GPS

C1K1 System that finds the precise location of something on Earth.

GIS

(C1K1) Data analysis thru satellites. Maps combine objects to create images -> LAYERED

Site

(C1K2) Physical feature of place. Influences settlements.

Situation

(C1K2) Location of a place relative to other places.

Cultural landscape

(C1K2, Ch. 4) Creation of human culture opposite the natural landscape.

Arithmetic density

(C2K1) # of objects in an area (people over land area.)

Physiological density

(C2K1) # of people supported by a unit of arable land (people over arable land).

Agricultural Density

(C2K1) Ratio of farmers to amount of arable land (farmers over arable land)

Diffusion

C1K3 Culture that expands over a long distance.

Relocation Diffusion

C1K3 The spread of an idea through physical movement of people.

Expansion Diffusion

C1K3 The spread of culture from one place to another. UMBRELLA TERM!

Contagious Diffusion

C1K3 Culture spreads like a disease; no higher power needed.

Hierarchical Diffusion

C1K3 Culture spread down from a place of high power.

Absolute location

An exact place on Earth, given in terms of latitude and longitude.

Relative location

The description of a place in relation to other places.

Map scale

Ratio between distance on map versus actual distance in the world.

Toponym

The name of a geographical place or region.

Space-Time Compression

C1K3 Explains how innovations diffuse info. Places become closer over time.

Environmental determinism

The physical environment dictates human actions. Climate can determine human efficiency i.e. better health overall, less deaths, higher standard of living.

Possibilism

C1K4 The physical environment may limit human actions, but humans can still alter their environments.

Formal region

C1K2 Area where everyone shares distinctive characteristics (e.g. political borders of U.S. states).

Functional region

C1K2 Area organized around focal point/node. Less important outwards (circulation around New York Times in New York (node)).

Vernacular region

C1K2 An area part of cultural identity, perceptual (e.g. Culver's in Wisconsin).

Distance decay

C1K3 Contact lessens over distance; eventually disappears.

Meridian

Line of longitude.

Parallel

Line of latitude.

Globalization

(C1K3) A force or process involving the entire world.

Spatial association

Connection between places in space.

Developed Country/MDC

A nation that has a high quality of life, advanced economy, and progressive infrastructure in relation to other less industrialized nations, e.g. Japan.

Developing Country/LDC

Low income places confronting severe structural impediments to sustainable progress, e.g. many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa are LDCs.

DTM Stage 1: Low Growth

(C2K2) Very high CBR, very high CDR, very low NIR.

Relied on hunting/gathering. No country like this anymore.

DTM Stage 2: High Growth

(C2K2) High CBR, rapidly declining CDR -> very high NIR.

Came as a result of the industrial and medical revolutions.

DTM Stage 3: Moderate Growth

(C2K2) Rapidly Declining CBR, moderately declining CDR -> Moderate NIR.

Result of economic changes from farm to city.

DTM Stage 4: Low Growth

(C2K2) Very low CBR
Low or slightly increasing CDR
Zero or negative NIR.

Social changes/birth control cause zero-population growth.

Differences from stage 1: Total population (Low -> High), CBR/CDR (High -> Low)

DTM Stage 5: Decline

(C2K4) Very low CBR, increasing CDR -> Declining NIR.

Very low birth rates -> relatively few young women aging into child birthing years, few choose to have kids.

Demographic Transition

(C2K2) Process of:
High CBR + CDR + low NIR ->
Low CBR + CDR + low NIR and a higher total population.

Dependency ratio

(C2K3) # of ppl who are too young/old to work (under 15, over 65).

Population clusters

(C2K1) Places where the world's amount of people is most distributed. E.g. 4 pop clusters: East Asia, South Asia, Europe, Southeast Asia.

Doubling time

Time it takes for a population to double.

Ecumene

(C2K1) The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.

ETM

(C2K3) The process of change in the distinctive health threats in each stage of the demographic transition.

Infant mortality rate

Number of infant deaths for every 1,000 live births.

Thomas Malthus

(C2K4) Claimed population was growing faster than the food supply (pop=geometric increase, food=arithmetic increase).
Believed pop growth pushed against resources:
Moral restraint -> lower CBR (abstinence?)
Disease/famine/war -> higher CDR.

Neo-Malthusians

(C2K4) People who believed in Malthusian Theory and in the idea that population was not only outstripping food but other resources.

Population pyramid

Displays the base of a country divided by gender.

Natural Increase Rate

(C2K2) % by which population grows in a year.

Industrial revolution

Transition from creating goods by hand to using machines. Spanned from 1760-1840.

CBR

(C2K2) Number of live births in a year for every 1000 people alive in a society.

CDR

(C2K2) The number of deaths per year per 1,000 people.

Forced migration

Migrant is compelled to emigrate away from their home for social/economic/environmental reasons.

Internal migration

Permanent move within a country.

International Migration

One country -> another.

Push factor

Forces people to move out.

Pull factor

Forces people to move in.

Refugee

Someone who is forced to move away from their country of origin due to the influence of social/political/environmental factors.

IDP

Someone who is influenced by social/political/environmental factors but cannot leave their country of origin.

Voluntary migration

The migrant chooses to migrate out of desire for new opportunities.

Carrying capacity

The average population size of a specific location, e.g. the carrying capacity of eastern Russia is incredibly low due to its temperature and climate.

Census

(C2K1) Data source for population geography. Controversial for 2 reasons: Nonparticipation and sampling.

Immigrant

(C3K1) Migrant to a location.

Emigrant

(C3K1) Migrant from a location.

Cyclic movement

(C3K1) Short-term, repetitive movements that recur on a regular basis. (E.g. Dorm -> home in college).

Baby boom

(C2NB) A unit of time that involves a drastic increase to birth rate e.g. The end of WW2 led to a baby boom as it was a time of relative peace in many countries. I.e. Population Explosion.

Chain migration

(C3K4) Migration b/c of relatives/people of the same nationality are already there.

Ravenstein's Laws: #1

Most migrants that relocate create counter-migration.
- Interregional/intraregional

Ravenstein's Laws: #2

Most migrants relocate within their own country or short distance.
- Exceptions:
-> Women are shorter distance.
-> Men are longer distance.
-> Distance decay applies here.

Ravenstein's Laws: #3

Most migrants relocate to large centers of economic activity.
- Rural -> Urban
-> Interregional or intraregional.
-> E.g. moving b/c parent's job.

Ravenstein's Laws: #4

Most migrants relocate when they are young adults before having children.
- Harder to move with children.

Migration transition

Changed mig. patterns = social/economic changes relative to dem. transition -> depends on development status of a nation.

Quota

Max limit of ppl who could immigrate to the U.S. in 1 year. Varies year-year; Doesn’t apply to refugees, spouses, children, parents of U.S. citizens.
# of applicants > quotas:
- Family reunification: ¾ of quota. Entry = 5 yrs.
- Skilled workers: Remainder of quota.

Unauthorized immigrant

People who enter a country without proper documents.

Guest workers

Someone from a poor country who temporarily immigrates for a job.

Zero population growth

When CBR declines to where it is equal to CDR; NIR reaches 0.
- Social customs can explain ZPG; women go into labor and stay in the work force.
- More likely to use birth control.

Life expectancy

The average amount of years an individual is expected to live according to social/economic/medical conditions.

Medical revolution

Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that later diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Eliminates many traditional causes of death and raises the standard of living.

TFR

The average number of children a woman is expected to give birth to during her birthing years.

Uniform landscape

(C4K4) An environment modified to enhance participation of popular leisure activities. Many similar businesses are within close proximity to one another. SEE CLASS ACTIVITY!!!

Cultural diffusion

The spreading out and merging of pieces from different cultures.

Folk culture

(C4K1) Usually by small, homogeneous; isolated/rural.
-> Change little over time
-> Vary place -> place
-> Disappearing, leads to less diversity
-> More likely to sustain/protect the environment.

Pop culture

(C4K1) Usually by large, heterogeneous; share some habits, more personal traits.
-> Rapid diffusion cause changes
-> Vary time -> time
-> Becoming more dominant
-> Likely to modify environment.

Creole

(C5K3) Mix of colonizer’s lang & indigenous/dominated lang. E.g. NOT The Trail of Tears; wiped out language and culture.

Dialect

(C5K3) Regional variation of a lang; has unique vocab, spelling, and pronunciation. Generally comprehended by speakers of the same lang.

Isogloss

(C5K3) Word-usage boundary, limited by geography. Data gathered directly from ppl. Boundary lines of words combine to form regions
-> Communication technology breaks down cultural barriers, increasing space-time compression.

Language

A system of communication that stems from branches. Traced back 1000 years.

Language family

Lang collection, traced back to older one. Before recorded history.

Language Group

Lang collection within a branch. Similar grammar/vocab, recent common origin. Dates back 2000 yrs.

Language branch

Lang collection within family. Easy to confirm, dates back 5000 yrs.

Lingua Franca

(C5K2) A lang that facilitates communication or trade between ppl who speak different native langs (Clear inference of communication barriers being overcome). SEE FRQ!!!!

Official language

(C5K1) The language used by the government for conducting business and publishing documents.

Buddhism

Universalizing religion, polytheistic, believes in 4 noble truths.

Christianity

Universalizing religion, monotheistic, believes in God and Jesus' teachings.

Ethnic religion

Appeals to one group of people in one place.

Fundamentalism

(C6K4, Ch.6 Vocab) Religion that believes in strict/literal interpretation of scripture.

Hinduism

Ethnic religion, polytheistic, concentrated in India and some of its neighboring countries, believes in cycle of reincarnation.

Islam

Universalizing religion, monotheistic. Split into two denominations: Sunni & Shia.

Judaism

Ethnic religion, monotheistic. Split into reform, conservative, and orthodox. Mostly concentrated in Israel.

Monotheism

Belief in a singular god.