Nursing Theory and Clinical Practice Review

Practice Q&A flashcards covering nursing theories, clinical assessment tools, quality management, and medical conditions.

What are the six steps of the nursing process in the model by Fiechter and Meier?

1. Information collection (Informationssammlung)
2. Recognition of patient problems and resources (Erkennen von Problemen und Ressourcen der Patienten)
3. Setting nursing goals (Festlegung der Pflegeziele)
4. Planning nursing measures (Planung der Pflegemaßnahmen)
5. Implementation of care (Durchführung der Pflege)
6. Evaluation of the effect of care on the patient (Beurteilung der Wirkung der Pflege auf den Patienten)

What are the 5 psychosocial needs identified by Tom Kitwood (1997) to protect personhood in dementia care?

1. Attachment (Bindung)
2. Comfort (Trost)
3. Inclusion (Einbezogensein)
4. Identity (Identität)
5. Occupation / Meaningful activity (Bedeutung / Sinn / Betätigung)

What is the formula used to calculate Body Mass Index (BMI)?

$$\text{BMI} = \frac{\text{Body Weight in kg}}{(\text{Body Height in m})^2}$$

How is the FAST schema defined and used for stroke (Apoplex) detection?

• Face: Ask the person to smile to check for one-sided facial weakness. • Arms: Ask them to raise both arms to check if one arm sinks. • Speech: Ask them to repeat a simple sentence to check for speech disorders. • Time: Immediately alarm emergency services if symptoms are present.

What are the four levels of care quality according to the Qualitätsstufenmodell by Fiechter and Meier?

• Level 0: Dangerous care (gefährliche Pflege) • Level 1: Safe care (sichere Pflege) • Level 2: Appropriate care (angemessene Pflege) • Level 3: Optimal care (optimale Pflege)

What are the three dimensions of quality according to Avedis Donabedian?

1. Structure Quality (Strukturqualität): Encompasses framework conditions such as staffing, spatial/material equipment, EDV, and staff qualifications.
2. Process Quality (Prozessqualität): Encompasses work processes, care plans, implementation of nursing standards, and interdisciplinary exchange.
3. Outcome Quality (Ergebnisqualität): Encompasses overall outcomes such as bed occupancy, infection rates, patient/staff satisfaction, and achieved care goals.

What mechanisms regulate blood glucose levels in response to rising or falling blood sugar?

• Falling blood sugar: Glucagon is secreted from A-cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans, stimulating gluconeogenesis in the liver so blood sugar rises. • Rising blood sugar: Insulin is produced in B-cells, binding to target cell receptors (muscle/fat cells) and increasing cell membrane permeability for glucose, causing blood sugar to drop.

How is Stage IV of the New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classification defined?

Performance capacity is restricted predominantly to bed rest, and symptoms (such as dyspnea) are present even at rest.

What is the difference between cardiac preload (Vorlast) and afterload (Nachlast)?

• Preload (Vorlast): The measure of stretching of the heart muscle fibers at the end of diastole when the heart is maximally filled. • Afterload (Nachlast): The resistance against which the heart must pump blood out of the ventricles into the arteries.

What are the five levels of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs (Bedürfnispyramide)?

1. Level 1: Physiological needs (Physiologische Bedürfnisse: hunger, thirst, sleep, sexuality)
2. Level 2: Safety needs (Sicherheitsbedürfnisse: security and protection)
3. Level 3: Social needs (Soziale Bedürfnisse: feeling of belonging, friendship)
4. Level 4: Esteem / Recognition (Wertschätzung: recognition and status)
5. Level 5: Self-actualisation (Selbstverwirklichung: personal development)