Cell Biology Chapter 3

in any isolated system the degree of disorder can only increase

what does the 2nd law of thermodynamics state

energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be converted from one form to another

what does the 1st law of thermodynamics state

heat

some energy during cheimcal reactions is always lost as ___ to the universe (fulfils the 2nd law of thermo as entropy increases)

gibbs free energy

the useful energy in a system that can be used to do work

• ex: a coiled spring, water behind a dam, chemical bonds, a concentration gradient

exergonic

this type of reaction results in the release of energy and therefore a decrease in free energy

• can occur spontaneously

endergonic

this type of reaction results in the addition of energy to a system and therefore an increase in free energy

• cannot occur spontaneously

change in gibbs free energy

what determines the ratio of products/reactants in the equilibrium state reached by a reaction

conc of products / conc of reactants

what is the formula for the equilibrium constant

inversely (negative delta G = high K; positive delta G = low K)

equilibrium constant and delta G are ___ proportional

false

true or false: delta G can tell you if a reaction can occur spontaneously and how quickly it will proceed

activation energy

this is the amount of energy required for a reaction to proceed

• energy barrier blocking the transition between stable states of reactants and products

enzyme

this molecule is capable of lowering activation energy and increasing the rate of reaction

• catalysts of the cell, are not changed themselves

  • can influence which reactions occur in a cell by a cell deciding which of these to produce

additive

for sequential reactions in a pathway, delta G is ___

• allows for multiple reactions to occur in a cell, with some being energetically favorable and others unfavorable, it can mean the total pathway is favorable still

ATP, GTP, NADH, NADPH, FADH2, CoA

what are 6 common examples of activated carriers

phosphorylation

the process of transferring Pi from ATP to a substrate, releasing a lot of energy and driving many, many chemical reactions in cells

false

true or false: ATP can be linked in any reaction in a cell to make even very unfavorable reactions able to occur

ATP, GTP

what activated carriers are used when a reaction requires energy and/or a phosphate

NADH, NADPH, FADH2

what activated carriers are used when a reaction requires energy and needs to move electrons

CoA

what activated carriers are used when a reaction requires energy and a chemical group

standard delta G

which delta G tells us what the final equilibrium concentrations will be if undisturbed

delta G

which delta G tells us if the reaction will proceed spontaneously under actual conditions