Criminal Justice Review

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering basic criminal justice concepts, theories, procedures, and legal terms based on lecture notes.

Three Entities of CJS

Police, courts, and corrections.

Responsibilities of Courts

Determine guilt or innocence and administer justice.

Responsibilities of Corrections

Punish, supervise, and rehabilitate offenders.

Nolle Prosequi

The term used when a prosecutor drops charges.

Violent Crimes

Crimes that include rape, murder, and robbery.

Crime Control Model

Focuses on controlling crime and effectively punishing offenders.

Restorative Justice

Focuses on repairing the harm caused by crime and helping victims, offenders, and the community.

Failure of CJS Perspective

The belief that crime results from failure or weaknesses in the Criminal Justice System.

Blocked Opportunities Theory

The idea that crime results when people lack legitimate opportunities to achieve their goals.

Criminology

The study of crime, criminals, causes of crimes, and society's responses to crime.

Arraignment

The next step in the criminal justice process after a person is arrested and charged with a crime.

Preliminary Hearing

A hearing to determine whether there is enough evidence to proceed to trial.

Hierarchy Rule

A rule stating that only the most serious offense is counted when multiple offenses occur during the same incident.

NCVS Data Collection Age

Collects crime victimization information from people $12$ years old and older.

UCR/NIBRS Conducting Agency

The FBI.

Victimization Likelihood for Men

Men are more likely to be violently victimized by strangers or acquaintances.

Cybercrime

Crime that is impossible without technology.

Rational Choice Theory

The theory that people choose to commit crime after weighing its potential benefits and costs.

Social Disorganization Theory

The theory that crime is more likely in communities with weak social ties and poor social organization.

Robbery

A violent crime and a property crime involving force or threat of force.

Media's Impact on Crime Perception

Acts as a primary crime multiplier by increasing fear of crime through an emphasis on dramatic crimes.

Routine Activities Theory

Theory that crime occurs when a motivated offender, a suitable target, and a lack of capable guardianship come together.

Code of Ur-Nammu

The oldest known legal code.

Rule of Law

The principle that everyone, including government officials, is subject to law.

Criminal Procedure Law

Law that includes arrest, warrants, searches, and court procedures.

Precedent

Prior high court decisions used as a guide for later cases.

Mens Rea

The guilty mind or criminal intent.

Burden of Proof for Conviction

The requirement that the prosecution must prove all elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.

General Deterrence

Punishing one offender to deter the public and discourage others from committing crimes.

Specific Deterrence

Deterring the specific individual offender from committing future crimes.

Rehabilitation

Changing an offender's behavior so they can return to society as a law-abiding person.

Incapacitation

Preventing an offender from committing additional crimes by restricting their freedom and ability to do so.

Alibi

Evidence that a person was somewhere else when the crime occurred.

Double Jeopardy

Prohibits someone from being tried twice for the same offense after an acquittal.

Entrapment

When law enforcement induces someone to commit a crime they would otherwise not commit.

Status Offense

An act that is only illegal because of a person's age, such as truancy or underage drinking.

Terrorism

The use or threat of violence to create fear and achieve political, religious, or ideological goals.

Conflict Model

Views the Criminal Justice System as constantly experiencing conflict between groups competing for power and resources.

NCVS Administration

The U.S. Census Bureau conducts the survey for the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS).

Differential Association Theory

The theory that people learn criminal behavior through interaction with others who support each other or teach each other.

Felonies vs. Misdemeanors

Felonies are more serious and usually carry more than $1\text{ year}$ of imprisonment, whereas misdemeanors usually carry $1\text{ year}$ or less.

Case Law

Law established through court decisions and judicial interpretations.

Substantive Law

Defines crimes, rights, and legal responsibilities.

Actus Reus

The guilty act or criminal action.

1st Degree vs. 2nd Degree Murder

1st degree murder is generally premeditated, whereas second degree murder is generally intentional but not premeditated.

Statutes vs. Ordinances

Statutes are laws passed by state or federal legislatures, whereas ordinances are local laws passed by cities or counties.