A&P II - Chapter 26 - The Reproductive System

Complete this analogy: Testes are to gonads as sperm are to:

gametes

The reduction in the number of chromosomes to half the normal count occurs during:

meiosis

A parent cell has 28 chromosomes and completes meiosis. How many chromosomes result in each cell produced?

14 chromosomes

The fusion of sperm and egg is known as:

fertilization

How many tetrads form during synapsis of meiosis for humans?

23

Meiosis is a special type of cell division that produces:

gametes

During what phase are homologous chromosomes separated from one another and pulled toward opposite poles of the cell by spindle fibers?

anaphase I

What shuffles the alleles and causes homologous chromosomes to no longer be identical during meiosis?

crossing over

Where does sperm production occur within the testis?

seminiferous tubules

Sperm in the epididymis travel immediately next to the:

ductus deferens.

Which of the following ducts travels through the prostate gland?

ejaculatory duct

Which of the following is NOT a region of the male urethra?

serosa

Which portion of the penis is called the foreskin?

prepuce

Which of the following male accessory sex glands produces a yellowish secretion containing fructose, prostaglandins, coagulating proteins and enzymes?

seminal vesicle

Enlargement of the prostate gland can constrict the:

ejaculatory duct.

What component allows semen to temporarily coagulate once ejaculated?

clotting proteins

Semen is expelled from the body during:

ejaculation

Contraction of the cremaster muscle:

pulls the testes closer to the body

The process of male gamete, or sperm cell, development is known as:

spermatogenesis.

What stem cell begins the process of spermatogenesis?

spermatogonium

How many spermatids result from one spermatogonium?

4

Spermiogenesis begins with a ________ and ends with a ________.

spermatid, sperm

Damage to the sustentacular cells of the testes could impair:

spermatogenesis.

What is the maturation process in which spermatids elongate and shed excess cytoplasm?

spermiogenesis

Which of the following is the main hormone that regulates spermatogenesis?

testosterone

What is the action of luteinizing hormone (LH)?

LH stimulates interstitial cells of the testes to produce testosterone.

Determine the effect of inhibin on male hormone production.

Inhibin decreases the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

A male bodybuilder takes testosterone supplements to increase his muscle mass. After three weeks, which of the following do you expect to observe?

Excess testosterone inhibits production of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).

The movement of sperm, testicular fluids, and secretions from the prostate gland and seminal vesicle into the urethra is known as:

emission

Which of the following is under control of the parasympathetic nervous system?

erection

An elderly man, Mr. Gee, is unable to maintain an erection. Classify his condition.

impotence

At what point in life does spermatogenesis begin in a male?

puberty

Which of the following is NOT an anabolic effect of testosterone?

Testosterone increases libido.

Decline in male reproductive functions occur during:

andropause

A seventy-five year old male has noticed he has had difficulty urinating. His physician says his difficulty is most likely due to an enlarged gland known as the:

prostate gland.

What is the main female gonad?

ovary

Which ligament anchors the ovary to the uterus?

ovarian ligament

From its proximal end at the uterus as it approaches the ovary, the regions of the uterine tube are:

isthmus, ampulla, infundibulum, fimbriae.

Where does fertilization usually occur?

ampulla of the uterine tube

Where should a fertilized ovum implant?

uterus

Which of the following is the most inferior portion of the uterus?

cervix

What portion of the uterus is composed of smooth muscle and contracts rhythmically during orgasm and childbirth?

myometrium

What part of the female reproductive system receives the penis during sexual intercourse?

vagina

What effect do you think douching, or washing, has on the vagina?

Douching washes away beneficial bacteria and alters the pH balance of the vagina.

Which of the following is NOT part of the female's external genitalia?

vagina

Blockage to the mammary ducts of the mammary gland prevents the passage of:

milk

What structures are NOT present in a non-lactating female?

alveoli

When are all oogonia formed in females?

before birth

Which of the following can be fertilized?

secondary oocyte

Which follicle contains a secondary oocyte arrested in metaphase II?

vesicular (tertiary) follicle

Which of the following is the first phase of the ovarian cycle?

follicular phase

1) Corpus albicans

2) Vesicular (tertiary) follicle

3) Primary follicle

4) Ruptured follicle

5) Primordial follicle

6) Secondary follicle

7) Corpus luteum

A) 5, 3, 6, 2, 4, 7, 1

B) 5, 3, 6, 2, 7, 4, 1

C) 5, 3, 6, 4, 2, 7, 1

D) 5, 6, 3, 4, 2, 7, 1

A) 5, 3, 6, 2, 4, 7, 1

Assuming a 28-day ovarian cycle, on what day should ovulation occur?

day 14

In a female, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) target the:

ovaries.

Ovulation is triggered by a surge in:

luteinizing hormone (LH).

Women who wish to become pregnant should have sexual intercourse after a surge in:

luteinizing hormone (LH).

Which of the following is regulated by a positive feedback mechanism in females?

ovulation

Estrogens are critical for:

adipose tissue deposits in the breasts, hips, and thighs.

Which portion of the uterus is shed during menstruation?

stratum functionalis of the endometrium

During which phase of the uterine (menstrual) cycle will stratum functionalis develop with endometrial glands and spiral arteries and veins?

proliferative (preovulatory) phase

Which of the following accompanies puberty?

menarche

When menstruation has ceased for at least one year, what has occurred?

female climacteric, or menopause

If a couple want to have sexual intercourse, and they do not wish to use a behavior method as a form of birth control since they know it comes with high risk. What could be an alternative method?

condoms

A female wants to take a hormonal contraceptive that contains progesterone only. What could be an option?

intramuscular injections of the Depo-Provera shot

What type of birth control may prevent pregnancy by manipulating the hormones and interfering with ovulation?

hormonal method

Which of the following is NOT a bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI)?

genital herpes

A male visiting a health clinic presents with a pink rash all over the body, a fever, joint pain, and complains of some hair loss. Determine the sexually transmitted infection (STI) this patient has contracted.

syphilis

What is the cause of trichomoniasis?

parasite

Which of the following is linked with many cases of cervical cancer?

human papillomavirus (HPV)

A female patient complains of a greenish-white discharge from her vagina that has a strong odor. She also experiences itching and burning of her genitals. Determine the sexually transmitted infection (STI) she has.

trichomoniasis

Which of the following may be prevented with a vaccine?

human papillomavirus (HPV)

A cell with 12 pairs of homologous chromosomes is said to be diploid, 2n.

TRUE

From one original cell, four genetically unique daughter cells, each with 23 nonreplicated chromosomes, are produced at the conclusion of meiosis II of spermatogenesis.

TRUE

Testosterone is made by the myoid cells of the male testes.

FALSE

During an erection, blood from the testicular arteries fills the vascular spaces of the corpus spongiosum of the penis.

FALSE

The prostate gland releases clotting proteins into ejaculated semen which cause coagulation and temporarily prevents the sperm from leaking back out of the female reproductive tract.

TRUE

During cold temperatures, the testes are pulled closer to the pelvic floor and the warmth of the body wall, and the scrotum becomes shorter and heavily wrinkled.

TRUE

Spermiogenesis is the process of sperm cell development. It includes all phases of meiosis and spermatogenesis, the cytoplasmic changes required to form a mature sperm cell.

FALSE

High levels of testosterone inhibit gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) by the hypothalamus.

TRUE

The round ligaments connect each ovary to the uterus and receive an oocyte during ovulation.

FALSE

The uterus is anchored by the broad ligament, suspensory ligament, and the round ligament.

FALSE

During the luteal phase of the uterine (menstrual) cycle, the corpus luteum secretes progesterone and some estrogen.

FALSE

If pregnancy occurs, the secretory phase of the uterine (menstrual) cycle continues and the uterus will continue to develop.

TRUE

The high levels of estrogens during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle trigger release of more FSH and LH, and their levels peak around day 14, which causes ovulation.

FALSE

Barrier methods of birth control prevent sperm from moving beyond the vagina and include condoms, diaphragms, cervical caps, and the sponge.

TRUE

The common viral sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and trichomoniasis.

FALSE