C4

Why do elements in the same group have similar chemical properties?

They have a similar electron configuration (same number of outer shell electrons).

What group of the periodic table are the alkali metals?

Group 1

Why are they called the alkali metals?

They react with water to form alkaline solutions with a very high pH.

What are the general properties of the alkali metals?

Low melting points, very reactive, soft, low density

What gas is produced when an alkali metal reacts with water?

Hydrogen

What are the products of the reaction between lithium and water?

Lithium Hydroxide, Hydrogen

What is the chemical equation for the reaction between sodium and water?

2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2

What is formed when an alkali metal reacts with oxygen?

Metal oxide

What is the chemical equation for the reaction between lithium and oxygen?

4Li + O2 → 2Li2O

What is formed when alkali metals react with chlorine?

Metal chloride (white precipitates)

Why are alkali metals often stored in oil?

To prevent them reacting with oxygen and water vapour in the air.

Why are the alkali metals very reactive?

They have one electron in their outer shell which they need to lose to obtain a stable electron configuration.

Explain the trend of reactivity down group 1

Reactivity increases down the group as the atomic radius and electron shielding increase, so there is weaker attraction between the nucleus and the outer shell electron.

What is the name used to describe the elements in group 0 of the periodic table?

Noble gases

What are the properties of the noble gases?

Low boiling points, low density, inert

What does chemically inert mean?

Very unreactive

Why are the noble gases chemically inert?

They have full outer electron shells so are very stable.

Describe the trend in boiling points down group 0

Boiling point increases

What are the elements in group 7 of the periodic table called?

Halogens

What is the colour and state of chlorine at room temperature?

Pale green gas

What is the colour and state of bromine at room temperature?

Red-brown liquid

What is the colour and state of iodine at room temperature?

Black solid

Why are the halogens at different states at room temperature?

Because they have different melting and boiling points. As you go down group 7, melting and boiling point increases.

What are the properties of halogens?

Increasing melting and boiling points, diatomic, reactive

Halogens are diatomic. What does this mean?

They form molecules containing two atoms (e.g., Cl2, Br2).

What charge does a halide ion carry? Why?

-1 (They gain one electron to obtain a full outer shell and a stable electron configuration.)

What is the chemical equation for the reaction between bromine and sodium?

Br2 + 2Na → 2NaBr

Describe the trend in reactivity of the halogens. How does this affect the rate of reaction?

Reactivity decreases down the group. Rate of reaction also decreases down the group.

What is formed when hydrogen reacts with a halogen?

Hydrogen halide (e.g., HCl, HBr).

Chlorine reacts with hydrogen in the presence of sunlight but bromine requires a flame. Why?

Reactivity decreases down the group so bromine requires more energy for the reaction to occur.

When does a halogen displacement reaction occur?

When a more reactive halogen displaces a less reactive halogen from an aqueous solution of its halide ions.

Why will halogen A only displace halogen B if A is above B in group 7?

Reactivity decreases down the group. The less reactive halogen is displaced by the more reactive halogen.

Which halogens can chlorine displace?

Any halogens below chlorine in group 7, e.g., iodine and bromine.

Which halogens cannot be displaced by bromine?

Chlorine and fluorine because they are above bromine in group 7 so are more reactive.

Why can’t iodine displace chlorine or bromine from an aqueous ionic solution?

Because iodine is below bromine and chlorine in group 7 and reactivity decreases down the group.

Write the word equation for the reaction between chlorine and potassium bromide

Chlorine + potassium bromide → potassium chloride + bromine

Write the word equation for the reaction between bromine and calcium chloride

No reaction occurs because bromine can’t displace chlorine.

Write the chemical equation for the reaction between bromine and potassium iodide

Br2 + 2KI → I2 + 2KBr

Why does reactivity decrease down group 7?

Halogens need to gain one electron to obtain a stable electron configuration. As you go down group 7, atomic radius and electron shielding increase.

What colour are solutions of chlorine, bromine, and iodine?

Chlorine water - colourless, Bromine water - orange, Iodine solution - brown.

What would you observe when chlorine is added to potassium bromide?

Cl2 + 2KBr → Br2 + 2KCl Colour change from colourless to orange.

Colour change from colourless to orange.