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Original Jurisdiction
the authority to hear cases for the first time
Appellate Jurisdiction
The jurisdiction of courts that hear cases brought to them on appeal from lower courts.
Federal District Court
a general trial court of the federal system
Federal Circuit Court of Appeals
Appellate Court that hears appeals from federal district courts, other federal courts, and administrative agencies.
Executive Privilage
the privilege, claimed by the president for the executive branch of the US government, of withholding information in the public interest.
Executive Order
a rule or order issued by the president to an executive branch of the government and having the force of law.
Federal vs State Courts
State - Established by laws of each state + have a broad system
Federal - Established under the U.S Constitution and has a much narrower jurisdiction
Rule of Four
At least four justices of the Supreme Court must vote to consider a case before it can be heard
Judicial Review
Power of court of law to determine whether the acts of other components of the government are in accordance with the Consitution.
Judicial Activitism
Judges making rulings based on their policy views rather than their honest interpretation of the law.
Judicial Restraint
the concept of a judge not injecting his or her own preferences into legal proceedings and rulings
Majority Opinion
Judicial opinion agreed upon more than half of the members of the court
Minority Opinion
One or more judges disagree with the decision made by the majority of judges.
Concurring Opinion
a written opinion by a judge agreeing with the majority opinion but giving different reasons for his or her decision
Precedent
Court decision that serves as an authoritative rule or example in future cases.
Incorporation Doctroine (Selective Incorporation)
Certain Rights in Bill of Rights are essential to due process and should apply to states
Grand Jury
Group of citiziens that investigate potential criminal activity. Enough evidence to charge someone of a crime
Petit Jury
group of citizens, typically 12 citizens, who determine the verdict in a trial, deciding guilt or innocence based on the evidence presented.
Due Process Clause
Part of the 14th Amendment guarantees fair treatment through the normal judicial system, especially as a citizen's entitlement.
Miranda v Arizona
5th amendment claims people cannot be forced to be a witness against themselves
Mapp v Ohio + Exclusionary Rule
prohibits prosecutors from using evidence acquired illegally in violation of 4th amendment
Marbury v. Madison
established right of courts to determine constitutionality of actions in the other 2 branches of government
Baker v. Carr
federal courts have authority to enforce with 14th amendment of disportionality populated.
