Microbiology Exam One

COOH is the

carboxyl group

Nh2 is the

amino group

Glucose +Glucose

maltose

glucose + fructose

sucrose ( table sugar)

glucose + galactose

lactose

Domain archaea live in

extreme enviroments

vibrial cholaea is a

spiral bacteria that lives in high salt content water ( diahrea, dysentry)

proteus vulagris causes

utis

periplasmoid space is where most

metabolism takes place

chemotaxis

moving up the concentration gradient of a chemical attractnat

Is streptococci gram negative or positive?

gram positive

Echeria causes what diseases?

ecoli and salmonella-protobacteria

neissaria causes what diseases?

gonorrhea-protobacteria

yersina pestus causes what disease?

black plague- protobacteria

cyanobacteria

uses chlorphly for photosynehesis

Chlanydia causes what disease?

chlamydia tranchmatis or urtheritis- cyanobacteria

Spirocheat causes what disease?

lyme disease ( borelia burgoferi) and syphillis ( repoma pallidum) -cyanobacteria

Bacteriods are related to

gram negative bacteria

firmicutes

non pathogenic, staphlycoocus, streptoccocus, baccilus anthrasis ( bacteria)

actinobacteria

largely decompostes but have causitive agent of TB (streptomuces)

methaongens live in

anoxic enviroment ( euryarcheaota)

halophiles live in

salt ( auryarcheota)

thermophiles live in

extreme temperature ( auryarchaeota)

crenarchaeota tend to grow in

hot/acidic places

cholera is a positive agent for which disease?

vibrio

Robert Hooke accomplishments

publisher of Micrographia in 1665

Leeuwenhoek and Redi believes that microbes

arise spontaneously

Where did Louis Pasteur believe microbes came from?

organisms are in the air in which they are located

Edward Jenner proves that what could prevent infectious disease?

vaccination- 1796- small pox vaccination

Where did people think disease came from in the 1700s?

rotting particles or miasma

epidemiology

the study of the source, cause, and mode of transmission of disease

in 1854, what did John snow determine?

the cause of cholera transmission in london

What did Ignaz Semmelweise determine?

the source of puerperal fever or blood poising in women during childbirth-1861

Louis Pasteur proposes that blank causes infectious diseases

germs ( yeast-fermentation, pasteurization to kill germs 1862

Joseph lister

1865-practice of antisepsis or chemical disinefction of external living surfaces ( carbolic acids)

Robert Koch’s postulates are the…

standard for linking a specific organism to a disease

Fanny Hesse

1880-created agar for bacterial colonies

Which vaccine did Pasteur create?

rabies

Which pathogens did Koch identify?

tuberculosis and cholera

Hansen found which bacterium?

leporcy 1873

Klebs found which pathogen?

diphtheria-1886

Fraenkel found which bacterium?

pnemonia-1886

Welch and Nuttal discovers that..

gas gangrene causes bacterium-1892

Shiga discovered

dysentry-1898

Bordet and Gengou bacterium

whooping couogh/pertussis-1906

Ivanowsky and Beijenrick

1890s- earl observations of filterable viruses- tobacco mosaic disease

Hoof discovery

mouth disease in animals

Walter Reed

a filterable virus causes yellow fever in humans -1901

Mycology

study of fungus

protozoology

study of parasitics protozoans

micbroial ecology

study of enviromental roles of nonpathogenic microbes

Living Organisms

Bacteria, Protozoa, fungus

Infectious agents ( nonorganic)

viruses

Types of Prokaryotes

Bacteria and Archaea

What are protists? ( with example)

single-celled protozoa and algae

Luria and Dulbruck discovery

bacteria can mutate to generate reistance to viral infection

Beadle and Tatum discovery

one gene codes for one enzyme

Hershy and Chase discovery

Dna is the genetic material for inheritance

Crick discovery

used e coli and a virus to show how th DNA code makes proteins

Eukaryotic examples

plant, animal, fungi, protist

prokaryotic examples

bacteria and archaea

Difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

eukaryotic cells contain a membrane bound nucleus and organelles

Paul Erlich development

developed a chemical that cured syphilis

Alexander Fleming discovery

development of penicillin

What are emerging disease and a few examples?

new to human populations ( AIDS and Sars)

What are reemerging infectious diseases and an example?

drug resistant disease- tuberculosis

zootonic disease definition and example

leap from animal population to humans (- ebola virus and zika virus

Gram positive is what color when stained?

purple

What color is gram negative?

pink

The atomic number is the number of

protons

Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different number of

neutrons

What is an ion?

atom with a charge due to the gain or loss of electrons

What forms an ionic bond?

opposite charges

An ion that has lost and electron is a blank and an ion that has gained an electron is an

cation, anion

When is a covalent bond formed?

when atoms share electrons ( methane)

Is H20 a covalent polor or nonpolar bond?

polar

What is an example of a hydrogen bond?

when h2o bonds with other h20 by being attracted to opposite forces

Breaking larger compounds into smaller is

hydrolysis

adding smaller reactants together to form a larger product is

dehydration

Buffers prevent pH shifts because they are a combination of a

weak acid and weak base

monosaccharides

simple sugar ( glucose and fructose)

disaccharides

two monosacchaides covalently bonding ( sucrose, maltose, and lactose)

polysaccharide

more than three monosaccharides ( celllulose, chitin, and peptidoglycogen)

Lipids don’t dissolve in water because they are

hydrophobic

Saturated fatty acids

only one bond ( solid at room temperature)

unsaturated fatty acids

have double bonds ( oils)

The phospholipid bilayer consists of blank heads and blank tails

hydrophilic, hydrophobic

Nucleotides are built by

five carbon sugar, phopshtae group, and a nitrogenous base

What are the purines? What are the pyrimidines?

Guanine and Adenine, Uracil, thymine, Cytosine

each amino acid has an unqiue side chain called the

r group

Bacillis/bacilli

rode shapes ( single, pairs, or chains)

Spiral

cells do not form pairs. chains,, or clumps but has different curl patterms

Vibrio resemples a

comma

spirillum shape

helical shape, thick cell wall

Spirochete shape

thin, flexible spiral

Flagella, pilli, and the glycocalyx provide which processes for bacterial and archaeal properties?

sensing and responding to surrounding envrioment

which part of the bacterium compartmentalizes metabolism?

celll envelope provides seperation

pili

short protein fibers extending from many gram negative bacteria for adhesion, twitching mobibility, helps trander genetic material between cells

Flagella

provide mobility ( long corkscrew appendages extendning from cell surface)

bacterial flagella contain a

helical filament, hook, and basal body