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Compare and contrast the innate and the adaptive immune responses
(based on speed and specificity
Innate:
skin, nose, respiratory tract
nonspecific
many def immune cells and mechanism
INCLUDES phagocytosis
Adaptive:
slow initial response
forms “memory” of exposure
faster response on second exposure
B Cells and T Cells
works separately and together
specific for pathogens
What is the role of B cells in immunity
responsible for making anti-bodies
What is a vaccine trying to mimic and why?
the first exposure, so the immune system () can quickly respond om the second exposure.
What are the two different ways of whole virus administration?
Live Attenuated (Weakend)
Pro:
seen as a threat but cant be efficiently replicated
longer duration of immunity
Con:
small chance of infection
requires refrigeration
Inactivated/”Killed”
Pros
replication is impossible;e
immune system still recognizes threat
more stable, doesn’t need attenuated
Cons
shorter duration of immunity
Describe the portion of the SARS-CoV2 vaccine that would be most useful in an mRNA vaccine.
the mRNA sequence that codes for the spike proteins
list sequence of events from vaccine injection to development of antibodies
cell translate message for spike portion and display cell surface
T cells share spike proteins ”message” with B cells, which make antibodies to match
What are the phases of clinical trials?
testing safety and dosage (20-100 healthy volunteers)
are there serious side effects?
expanded in safety trials (several hundred volunteers)
how are the immune systems responding
in large-scale efficacy tests (hundreds of thousands )
is it effective?
How is vaccine efficacy calculated?
find the covid rate in placebo and vaccine separately
put into percentage
Relative risk is determined by vaccine rate/placebo rate.
do 100- relative risk = efficacy rate
Why was a COVID vaccine so rapidly availble?
what is the simple definition for immunity?
The immune system determining self vs nonself
exceptions like allergies
What are the two types of antibodies? What do they do?
Neutralizing antibodies - directly interfere with infection
Non-neutralizing antibodies - bind with infection and may help signal other immune cells
What is a subunit vaccine?
-use just a piece of the virus or bacteria —> proteins
How to genetic material only vaccines work? Pros and cons
portion of genome
host cell uses this to make protein
the immune system recognizes the protein and makes antibodies
Pro
fast to synthesize
cant cause disease
Cons
only approved for non humans until now
What are the 3 categories of vaccines?
Whole virus
Subunit/ parts
just the genetic material
What are the different ways to “deliver” genome to host cells?
paste into bacterial plasmid
coat in a lipid envelope
place in a different virus that is inactivated
herd immunity
Herd immunity is the indirect protection from infectious diseases that occurs when a large portion of a population becomes immune. It happens when enough people are vaccinated or have already had the disease, making it harder for the infection to spread and protecting those who are unable to be vaccinated.
This is defined as “resistance to the spread of poor health when a high proportion of individuals across all demographics are “immune” to negative social determinants”
pre-existing conditions
Medical conditions that exist before obtaining health insurance coverage. They can include chronic illnesses, such as diabetes or asthma, or previous injuries. Pre-existing conditions may affect the cost and availability of insurance coverage, as some insurers may exclude or limit coverage for these conditions.
social determinants of health vs. health disparities
determinants —> social factors that influence health, wellness, and degree of vulnerability (± or neutral)
disparity —> the specific disproportions or burdens on one’s health
some are measurable not all
disability, illness, death, risk of disease
Upstream approaches to health
Effective prevention/wellness
neoliberalism
emphasis on the cost-benefit analysis model of human and environmental health to determine who lives and dies
emphasis on individual health responsibility
social life of disease
historical and social experiances
health landscape
visualizes health disparities
variables —> urbanization, habitat loss
diseases of despair
These diseases of despair are often associated with socioeconomic factors, such as unemployment and poverty, and can have severe consequences on individuals and communities and increase the likelihood of becoming depressed or addicted