Acute Renal Failure and Related Concepts

These flashcards cover key concepts and facts regarding acute renal failure, its classifications, symptoms, treatments, and management, as discussed in the lecture.

What defines acute renal failure?

A sudden, abrupt decrease in kidney function, often indicated by decreased urine output.

What is the minimum urine output that indicates adequate kidney perfusion?

At least 30 mL per hour.

What are the three classifications of acute renal failure?

Prerenal, intrarenal, and postrenal.

What causes prerenal acute renal failure?

Conditions that cause decreased blood flow to the kidneys, such as hypotension or shock.

What are some common causes of intrarenal acute renal failure?

Conditions such as glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, certain medications, and toxins.

What is a common cause of postrenal acute renal failure?

Obstruction of urine flow, such as kidney stones or prostate enlargement.

What are the three phases of acute renal failure?

Oliguria, diuresis, and recovery.

What electrolyte imbalance is a concern in acute renal failure?

Hyperkalemia (high potassium levels).

What hormone do the kidneys produce that affects red blood cell production?

Erythropoietin.

What diet restrictions are important for patients with renal failure?

Restriction of protein, potassium, and sodium intake.

What is the treatment for severe hyperkalemia that may necessitate dialysis?

Insulin with glucose, calcium gluconate, and other measures to lower potassium levels.

Why do transplant recipients need to take immunosuppressive drugs?

To prevent the immune system from rejecting the new kidney.

What is the time frame to retrieve a kidney from a donor once it has been removed?

Typically within four hours.

What might an increase in blood pressure and decreased urine output indicate in a transplant patient?

Possible kidney rejection or acute tubular necrosis.

How is peritoneal dialysis typically performed?

A clean technique where fluid is infused into the abdominal cavity and drained after a set time.

What are bruits and thrills signs of in a dialysis access site?

Bruits indicate blood flow, while thrills indicate proper functioning of the AV fistula.

What common methods are used to manage dialysis patients who experience fluid volume overload?

Dialysis, medications, and careful monitoring of fluid intake.

What is the significance of a decreased GFR in patients with chronic kidney disease?

It indicates the severity of kidney function loss and may signal the need for dialysis.

What is a common symptom of acute renal failure related to the gastrointestinal system?

Anorexia or loss of appetite.