PSYC 3300 Stats

Number of Symptoms needed to Diagnose ADHD

Inattentive Type: 6

Hyperactive Type: 6

Combined: 6 from each (12 total)

Gender Differences in ADHD

Boys more frequently diagnosed 6-9% vs. girls 2-4%

6:1 male:female ratio

Developmental Course ADHD

Preschool: Hyperactivity symptoms appear at 3-4 years old

Adolescence: 50% continue experiencing impairments

Genetics of ADHD

75% heritability

Dopamine regulation issues (DRD4 gene)

Cortical maturation (3-year lag)

MTA Study Results ADHD

Combined Treatment and Meds were more effective than behavioral therapy in reducing ADHD Symptoms.

Gender Differences in ODD

More common in boys during childhood. Gender differences reduce by adolescence.

Cultural Variations in ODD

Depends on how defiance is interpreted by parents and teachers.

Relationship between ADHD and ODD

ADHD impulsive and attention deficits may lead to defiant behavior, like difficulty following rules due to executive functioning deficits

Relationship between Depression and ODD

Emotional dysregulation in ODD may contribute to later depressive symptoms.

Relationship between Anxiety and ODD

High levels of emotional distress may lead to defiant and argumentative behavior as a defense mechanism

Language processing in ODD

Poor verbal skills may lead to frustration and acting out.

Continence in Development

Most children develop urinary and bowel control by age 4-5

Subtypes and Gender Differences in Enuresis

Nocturnal Enuresis: most common, but boys more than girls

Diurnal Enuresis: girls more than boys

By age 11 boys outnumber girls 2:1 in any enuresis case

Age Prevalence of Enuresis

• 5-year-olds: 5-10% prevalence.

• Age 10: 3-5% prevalence.

• 15+ years: >1% still experience enuresis.

• Spontaneous remission: 5-10% per year.

Genetic Factors in Enuresis

• 3.6x risk if the mother had enuresis.

• 10.1x risk if the father had enuresis.

Delayed development of circadian rhythms of urine production.

Behavioral Treatment and Efficiency

Bedwetting alarms most effective with 70-80% with low relapse

Prevalence and Gender Differences in Encopresis

• Prevalence: ~1% in 5-year-olds.

• More common in boys than girls.

Typical Sleep Cycle

• Stage 4 (deep sleep): Peaks at ages 3-5, occurs in first 1-3 hours of sleep, difficult to wake from.

• REM sleep: Occurs later in the night; involved in dreaming and nightmares.

Prevalence of Nightmare Disorder

1-3% of preschoolers, increases at age 10-13, more common in females in adulthood

Genetic Factors of Parasomnias

22% risk if one parent has parasomnia, 60% risk if both parents have parasomnia

DSM Diagnostic Criteria for Separation Anxiety Disorder

3 out of 5 symptoms, duration for 4 weeks

Stats of Selective Mutism

• Prevalence: 0.3-1%.

• Onset usually between ages 4-7.

• More common in females than males.

Stats for Separation Anxiety Disorder

• Prevalence: 10% (most common childhood anxiety disorder).

• Onset: 7-8 years (earliest of anxiety disorders).

• Referral Age: 10-11 years

• Up to 75% exhibit school refusal.

• Insecure attachment at 15 months is associated with SAD at age 6

Stats for Specific Phobia

• Onset: 7-9 years

• Peak occurrence: 10-13 years.

Prevalence and age of onset for Social Anxiety Disorder

• Prevalence: 1-3% of children.

• More common in girls.

• 2/3rds have a comorbid anxiety disorder.

• Typical age of onset: Early to mid-adolescence; rare under age 10.

Prevalence, Comorbidity, and Age of Onset for GAD

• Prevalence: 3-6% of children.

• Equal rates in boys and girls.

• High rates of comorbidity with other anxiety disorders and depression.

• Average age of onset: 10-14 years.

Treatment for Generalized Anxiety Disorder

 CAMS Study: Combined CBT and medication led to the highest remission rates (46-68%), CBT Reduces anxiety diagnoses by 71% (Kendall, 1994).